tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-229230182024-03-13T08:07:09.018-07:00Literary Termsthomaswhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11499186306966045314noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22923018.post-1140737184676057262006-02-23T15:24:00.000-08:002018-06-26T12:18:55.355-07:00Literary Devices<div style="text-align: center;">
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Archaic -- very old or old-fashioned use of language. Thou/Thee; Cut a rug.</div>
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Allegory -- a story where the characters, events and even items can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning. Pilgrim's Progress - spiritual allegory; LOTF - human nature; AF - historic allegory.</div>
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Allusion -- a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. Art class was my term 1 Waterloo.</div>
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Apostrophe -- an exclamatory passage in a speech or poem addressed to a person or thing. O love, comfort my heart!; Neil, clean the dishes!</div>
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Antithesis -- a strong contrast or even opposition between two ideas or things in an artwork; such as hatred stirs up strife, but love brings peace.</div>
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Climax -- a decisive moment or a turning point in a storyline at which the main conflict is resolved.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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Crisis -- when a difficult or important decision/action must be made that will result in the main conflict being resolved. The crisis will precede or be simultaneous with the climax, as the climax is the result of the decision made during the crisis.</div>
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Characterization -- representation of human nature in terms of motives, actions and traits. There are three components to characterization: plausibility, consistency and motive. There are a few types: flat/stock; round/dynamic; and foils.</div>
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Motif -- recurring element in a work of art; it could be a recurring object, subject, theme, idea.</div>
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Dilemma -- a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more undesirable alternatives. Would you rather eat a banana snail or a furry caterpillar?</div>
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Foreshadow -- a hint or warning or indication of a future event in a story. Narrator in 'David' seeing the fallen Mnt. Goat.</div>
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Flashback -- a device in the narrative of a story by which an event taking place before the present time in the narrative is inserted into the chronological structure of the work.</div>
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Narration -- act of telling a story. The four ways to narrate a story: 1st person; 3rd person omniscient; 3rd person limited omniscient; 3rd person objective. These are the P.o.V. from which the story is told.</div>
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Litotes -- a form of understatement through negative affirmation. E.g., you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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Paradox -- a seemingly self-contradictory statement or proposition that, when analyzed correctly, can be demonstrated to be true. Less is more.</div>
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Oxymoron -- a figure of speech in which contradictory terms appear in conjunction; e.g. hard feathers; hateful love; clear smoke; dead life; jumbo shrimp; tough wimp, etc.</div>
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Epic -- a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation. E.g., Beowulf, Illiad, Odyssey, Aeneid, Paradise Lost, etc..</div>
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Sonnet -- a poem of fourteen lines using an iambic rhyme scheme, having ten syllables per line in English. There are no restrictions on content.</div>
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Prose -- writing whose basic unit is the sentence.</div>
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Poetry -- writing whose basic unit is the verse.</div>
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Plot -- the sequence of events in a story.</div>
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Setting -- Where and when a story occurs.</div>
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Theme -- Any set of ideas that an artwork is designed to convey.</div>
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Narrative poem -- any poem which tells a story.</div>
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Lyric -- any poem which can be sung.</div>
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Hyperbole -- exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. If you don't flush the toilet, I'll beat you within an inch of your life!‚</div>
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Personification -- the attribution of human characteristics to something not human. The sea was angry last night.</div>
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Soliloquy -- an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play or film. The intent is to reveal the inner thoughts and motives of the character to the audience.</div>
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Parody -- an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect. E.g., Bond films‚ Austin Powers; Weird Al's take on songs.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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Satire -- the use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule in an artwork to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices. E.g. Django Unchained ‚Üí critique racism / exploitation.</div>
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Symbol -- a thing that represents something else, often a material object representing something abstract. E.g., the limousine was a symbol of his wealth and authority.</div>
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Atmosphere -- the emotional texture of a work of art. In writing, it is revealed through the diction of the dialogue, tone of the narrator, the characterization, and the descriptions of the setting.</div>
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Onomatopoeia -- the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g., cuckoo, sizzle, knock-knock, Eeyore).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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Metaphor -- the comparison or identification of two unlike things. E.g. 'that guy is a rat!'</div>
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Simile -- the comparison or identification of two unlike things using like, as or than. E.g. 'that guy is like a rat; that guy is as trustworthy as a rat; that guy is less trustworthy than a rat!' Note these are stated in increasing degrees of identification.</div>
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Ballad -- Any poem that is both lyric and narrative; that is, a poem which tells a story and can be sung.</div>
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Tone -- the attitude of an artist toward his subject matter.</div>
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Rhythm -- the pattern of unstressed and stressed syllables in a line of verse.</div>
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Rhyme Scheme -- the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of neighbouring lines in a poem.</div>
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Imagery -- Use of language to evoke any of the five senses.</div>
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Free Verse -- a poem that does not have proscribed rhyme scheme, rhythm or content.</div>
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Blank Verse -- verses without end rhyme, but which uses iambic pentameter (5 feet of unstressed/stressed syllables).</div>
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Pastoral -- a work of literature portraying a positive or idealized version of nature & people.</div>
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Didactic -- art that is intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive. E.g. In The Heat of the Night is a didactic novel set out to expose social injustice.</div>
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Romantic -- 1. A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 1700s, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual over traditional, external authority. 2. Stories characterized by the expression of love between couples.</div>
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Irony -- a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects.</div>
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Ending -- the conclusion of a story; it will be one of three types: happy / sad / indeterminate.</div>
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Denouement -- the final part of a story in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.</div>
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Conflict -- any force against which characters struggle. There are external and internal forces which can be sources of conflict.</div>
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Direct/Indirect Presentation -- In direct presentation, a character is described by the author, the narrator or the other characters. In indirect presentation, a character's traits are revealed by its action and speech.</div>
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Deus-ex-machina -- an unexpected event that saves a seemingly hopeless situation.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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Euphony -- a harmonious, pleasing combination of words or sounds. E.g., wedding bells.</div>
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Cacophony -- a rough or harsh combination of words or sounds. E.g., alarm bells.</div>
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Ellipsis -- the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues. Three dots indicating an ellipsis.</div>
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Parallel Structure -- Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance; Ashley likes to ski, to swim and to jump. This uses parallel structure. An incorrect version of this sentence would read: Ashley likes to ski, to swim and jumping.</div>
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Inciting Incident -- the event or decision that begins or introduces a story's main conflict. Everything up to that moment is backstory; everything after is "the story."</div>
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Alliteration -- the occurrence of the same consonant sound at the beginning of neighbouring words.</div>
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Consonance -- the occurrence of the same consonant sound at the end or middle of neighbouring words.</div>
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Assonance -- the occurrence of the same vowel sound in neighbouring words without respect for where.</div>
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Pun -- a play on words; a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
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E.g., the pigs were a squeal (if you'll forgive the pun); '"you can make your own antifreeze by stealing her blanket" is a pun guaranteed to get some groans'; 'his first puzzle punned on composers, with answers like Handel with care and Haydn go seek'.</div>
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Metonymy -- the substitution of the name of an attribute or phrase closely associated with the thing meant: E.g., suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.</div>
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Synecdoche -- a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Boston won by six runs (meaning Boston's baseball team).</div>
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Cliche -- a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought. E.g., It's not you, it's me is an overused, terribly lame break-up cliche. As well, to comfort with there are many fish in the sea is another completely lame cliche.</div>
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Portmanteau -- a word whose form and meaning are derived from a blending of two or more distinct forms (as smog from smoke and fog; or as snirt from dirt and snow).</div>
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Bias -- any artwork that shows an inclination or prejudice, a loss of objectivity.</div>
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Rhetorical Question -- any question asked for a purpose other than to obtain the information.</div>
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Comic Relief -- comic parts in a literary work that offset more serious sections. E.g., The Porter scene in Macbeth,the grave-digger scene in Hamlet and the gulling of Roderigo in Othello provide immense comic relief.</div>
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Euphemism -- an expression substituted for another considered too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. E.g., "downsizing for 'job cuts'.</div>
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Tragedy -- A drama or literary work in which the main character rises to some significant level and then is brought to ruin as a consequence of a tragic flaw or moral weakness. A tragedy is therefore always a rise & fall story.</div>
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Hubris -- an excessive arrogance or sense of superiority and self-importance; one who is full of conceit and superciliousness.</div>
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Nemesis -- a downfall caused by an inescapable force. E.g. Superman ‚Üí kryptonite.</div>
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Katharsis -- the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy.</div>
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Comedy -- a dramatic work that is amusing with a fall and restoration, usually having a cheerful ending. A recurring pattern in comic drama is the triumph over unpleasant circumstances which yields the happy conclusion.</div>
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Historical Fiction -- historical drama is a genre in which the story is based upon historical events and actual people from the past.</div>
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thomaswhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11499186306966045314noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22923018.post-35848774824046772622007-02-19T12:02:00.000-08:002013-08-15T08:09:35.593-07:00Review: Parts of SentencesParts of Sentences<br /><br />Lesson 91 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here.<br />There are four (4) kinds of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.<br />1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. Example: The assignment is due tomorrow.<br />2. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Examples: Hand it in now. Stop.<br />3. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: Do you know the man?<br />4. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. Declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentences can be made into exclamatory sentences by punctuating them with an exclamation point. Examples: The assignment is due tomorrow! Stop! Do you know the man!<br />When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? The bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />Find the subject and verb in the following sentences.<br />1. Karen went to the mall.<br />2. Carl didn't help his dad.<br />3. Mom cooks breakfast every morning.<br />4. I want a new bike for Christmas.<br />5. Ann has had a new baby girl.<br />Answers<br />1. Karen - subject, went - verb<br />2. Carl - subject, did help - verb (verb phrase using a helping verb did)<br />3. Mom - subject, cooks - verb<br />4. I - subject, want - verb<br />5. Ann - subject, has had - verb (verb phrase using a helping verb has)<br />These verbs are all action verbs.<br />Lesson 92 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here.<br />There are four (4) kinds of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.<br />1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. Example: The assignment is due tomorrow.<br />2. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Examples: Hand it in now. Stop.<br />3. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: Do you know the man?<br />4. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. Declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentences can be made into exclamatory sentences by punctuating them with an exclamation point. Examples: The assignment is due tomorrow! Stop! Do you know the man!<br />When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? The bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />Find the subject and verb in these sentences.<br />1. The programs are on the piano.<br />2. The kittens were under the straw stack.<br />3. He will be here soon.<br />4. The weather seems cooler.<br />5. The money must be on the table.<br />Answers<br />1. programs - subject, are - verb<br />2. kittens - subject, were - verb<br />3. he - subject, will be - verb (verb phrase using a helping verb will)<br />4. weather - subject, verb - seems<br />5. money - subject, verb - must be (verb phrase using a helping verb must)<br />These verbs are all state of being verbs.<br />Lesson 93 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here.<br />There are four (4) kinds of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.<br />1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. Example: The assignment is due tomorrow.<br />2. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Examples: Hand it in now. Stop.<br />3. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: Do you know the man?<br />4. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. Declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentences can be made into exclamatory sentences by punctuating them with an exclamation point. Examples: The assignment is due tomorrow! Stop! Do you know the man!<br />When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? The bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />Imperative sentences always have an understood but not stated you as the subject. Examples: Hand it in now. (You) hand it in now. Stop. (You) stop.<br />Find the subject and verb in the following sentences.<br />1. Give me the gun!<br />2. Help me please.<br />3. Bring me the paper.<br />4. Lock the car door always.<br />5. Run next door for some sugar.<br />Answers<br />1. (you) - subject, give - verb<br />2. (you) - subject, help - verb<br />3. (you) - subject, bring - verb<br />4. (you) - subject, lock - verb<br />5. (you) - subject, run - verb<br />Lesson 94 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here.<br />There are four (4) kinds of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.<br />1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. Example: The assignment is due tomorrow.<br />2. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Examples: Hand it in now. Stop.<br />3. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: Do you know the man?<br />4. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. Declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentences can be made into exclamatory sentences by punctuating them with an exclamation point. Examples: The assignment is due tomorrow! Stop! Do you know the man!<br />When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? The bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />Interrogative sentences many times have the subject between the parts of the verb phrase. To find the verb and the subject, turn the question into a statement. Example: Have you seen my coat? You have seen my coat. Who or what have seen? You have seen. You is the subject.<br />Find the subject and verb in these interrogative sentences.<br />1. Has James left for home?<br />2. When did the noise begin?<br />3. Where is Jeanne attending college?<br />4. Did Jeff eat any dinner?<br />5. Will you return on Sunday?<br />Answers<br />1. James - subject, has left - verb phrase<br />2. noise - subject, did begin - verb phrase<br />3. Jeanne - subject, is attending - verb phrase<br />4. Jeff - subject, did eat - verb phrase<br />5. you - subject, will return - verb phrase<br />Lesson 95 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here.<br />There are four (4) kinds of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.<br />1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. Example: The assignment is due tomorrow.<br />2. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Examples: Hand it in now. Stop.<br />3. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: Do you know the man?<br />4. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. Declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentences can be made into exclamatory sentences by punctuating them with an exclamation point. Examples: The assignment is due tomorrow! Stop! Do you know the man!<br />When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? The bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />Sometimes a sentence is in inverted order so the subject may come in the middle or at the end of the sentence. Examples: Out of the woods came a bear. Came is the verb. What came? Bear came so bear is the subject. With it were her cubs in a rolling pile. Were is the verb. What were? Cubs were so cubs is the subject.<br />Find the subject and verb in these sentences.<br />1. Just around the corner was the parade.<br />2. In the fall the leaves cover the ground<br />3. In the city lived many poor people.<br />4. Over the fireplace were hanging the stockings for Santa.<br />5. From the thicket appeared the deer.<br />Answers<br />1. parade - subject, was - verb<br />2. leaves - subject, cover - verb<br />3. people - subject, lived - verb<br />4. stockings - subject, were hanging - verb phrase<br />5. deer - subject, appeared - verb<br />Lessons 91 - 95 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />Find the subject and verb in the following sentences. Remember that some sentences can have an inverted order.<br />1. Here is my shoe!<br />2. The little boy hit the big girl.<br />3. You seem unhappy today.<br />4. Down the road hopped the rabbit.<br />5. Are we going out on Halloween?<br />6. Have the men come all the way from Europe?<br />7. The soup tasted good in the cold weather.<br />8. The passenger should have been stopped at the gate.<br />9. The mail could have arrived earlier.<br />10. Don't go into that house!<br />Answers<br />1. shoe - subject, is - verb<br />2. boy - subject, hit - verb<br />3. you - subject, seem - verb<br />4. rabbit - subject, hopped - verb<br />5. we - subject, are going - verb<br />6. men - subject, have come - verb<br />7. soup - subject, tasted - verb<br />8. passenger - subject, should have been stopped - verb<br />9. mail - subject, could have arrived - verb<br />10. (you) - subject, do go - verb<br /><br />Lesson 96 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here.<br />There are four (4) kinds of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.<br />1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. Example: The assignment is due tomorrow.<br />2. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Examples: Hand it in now. Stop.<br />3. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: Do you know the man?<br />4. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. Declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentences can be made into exclamatory sentences by punctuating them with an exclamation point. Examples: The assignment is due tomorrow! Stop! Do you know the man!<br />When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? The bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />Some sentences begin with an introductory there. It is never the subject. The subject will always come after the verb in such a sentence. There can also be an adverb. To be an introductory there, it must meet these rules: It must be the first word of a sentence (Sometimes a prepositional phrase out of its normal order can come before it.); It cannot mean where; It must be with a state of being verb. The introductory there doesn't fit grammatically with the rest of the sentence as we will find most other words do. Examples: There is some food in the refrigerator. Is is the verb. Who or what is? Food is. Food is the subject. In the refrigerator there is some food. Moving the prepositional phrase does not change the introductory there.<br />Find the subject and verb in these sentences.<br />1. There may not be time for an encore.<br />2. In the mail box, there was no mail.<br />3. There has been no letter today.<br />4. There weren't many men at the meeting.<br />5. In the snow there were many tracks.<br />Answers<br />1. time - subject, may be - verb<br />2. mail - subject, was - verb<br />3. letter- subject, has been - verb<br />4. men - subject, were - verb<br />5. tracks - subject, were - verb<br />Lesson 97 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />Interjections, like the introductory there, do not fit grammatically with the rest of the sentence. They are never the subject. They come at the beginning of a sentence and may be set off with a comma. Example: Oh, I like your new car.<br />Find the subject, verb and interjections in these sentences.<br />1. Hey, what are you doing over there?<br />2. Yes, I would like that very much.<br />3. Well, Joe did it.<br />4. Yippee! Our team won the game.<br />5. Gosh, how did you do that?<br />Answers<br />1. you - subject, are doing - verb, hey - interjection<br />2. I - subject, would like - verb, yes - interjection<br />3. Joe - subject, did - verb, well - interjection<br />4. team - subject, won - verb, yippee - interjection<br />5. you - subject, did do - verb, gosh - interjection<br />Lesson 98 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />Sometimes a sentence can have two or more verbs called a compound verb. A compound verb is joined by either a co-ordinate conjunction or a correlative conjunction. Example: The bell rang and rang.<br />Find the subject, verb/verbs, and conjunctions in these sentences.<br />1. Carl listened carefully but heard nothing.<br />2. The car raced down the road and hit a tree.<br />3. The audience stood and cheered the performance.<br />4. The men caught, cooked, and ate the fish.<br />5. Sue either has done the job or will do it now.<br />Answers<br />1. Carl - subject; listened, heard - verbs; but - conjunction<br />2. car - subject; raced, hit - verbs; and - conjunction<br />3. audience - subject; stood, cheered - verbs; and - conjunction<br />4. men - subject; caught, cooked, ate - verbs; and - conjunction<br />5. Sue - subject; has done, will do - verbs; either,or - conjunction<br />Lesson 99 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />The subject of the sentence can also be compound. Example: The bell and siren rang.<br />Find the subject, verb, and conjunctions in these sentences.<br />1. Barbara, Ann, and Jeanne came home for the holidays.<br />2. Either Jim or Jeff will move to the new apartment.<br />3. Both Pam and her husband love the new baby.<br />4. You, Joe, and I are in the new play.<br />5. Mom or Dad will be gone by morning.<br />Answers<br />1. Barbara, Ann, Jeanne - subjects; came - verb; and - conjunction<br />2. Jim, Jeff - subjects; will move - verb; either, or - conjunctions<br />3. Pam, husband -subjects; love - verb; both, and - conjunctions<br />4. you, Joe, I - subjects; are - verb; and - conjunction<br />5. Mom, Dad - subjects; will be gone - verb; or - conjunction<br />Lesson 100 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />Both the subject and the verb can be compound. Example: The bell and the siren rang and rang.<br />Find the subject, verb and conjunctions in these sentences.<br />1. The boys and the girls ran and played in the field.<br />2. She and I stopped and stared at the sight.<br />3. Both the team and the coach jumped up and yelled with the last out.<br />4. Jeff, Jed, and Jim will be in school or will be home in bed.<br />5. Where have Jay and Eric been swimming and hiking?<br />Answers<br />1. Boys, girls - subjects; ran, played - verbs; and, and - conjunctions<br />2. She, I - subjects; stopped, stared - verbs; and,and - conjunctions<br />3. team, coach - subjects; jumped, yelled - verbs; both, and, and - conjunctions<br />4. Jeff, Jed, Jim - subjects; will be, will be - verbs; and, or - conjunctions<br />5. Jay, Eric - subjects; have been swimming, (have been) hiking - verbs; and, and - conjunctions<br />Lessons 96-100 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb<br />Find the subjects, verbs, interjections, introductory there, and conjunctions in the following sentences. Remember that subjects and verbs can be compound.<br />1. There were no pies, cakes or cookies on the shelves.<br />2. Oh, neither Jane nor Tarzan would return to civilization.<br />3. Barbara and her friends sat on the floor, ate goodies, and listened to records.<br />4. The brothers swam, fished, and rowed the boat on their vacation.<br />5. Wow, this lesson is hard but was fun.<br />Answers<br />1. pies, cakes, cookies - subjects; were - verb; there - introductory; or - conjunction<br />2. Jane, Tarzan - subjects; would return - verb; oh - interjection; neither, nor - conjunction<br />3. Barbara, friends - subjects; sat, ate, listened - verbs; and, and - conjunctions<br />4. brothers - subject; swam, fished, rowed - verbs; and - conjunction<br />5. lesson - subject; is, was - verbs; wow - interjection; but - conjunction<br /><br />Lesson 101 - Parts of the Sentence - Predicate Nominative<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn.<br />The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. Mr. Johanson is a father. Mr. Johanson equals a father. Mr. Johanson is my neighbor. Mr. Johanson equals my neighbor.<br />Find the verb, subject and predicate nominatives in these sentences.<br />1. Ann is a new mother.<br />2. The black dog in the yard was a large Doberman.<br />3. The tall boy has been our best basketball player.<br />4. My uncle became a rich computer expert.<br />5. Mr. Bush may be our next President.<br />Answers<br />1. Ann = subject, is = verb, mother = predicate nominative<br />2. dog = subject, was = verb, Doberman = predicate nominative<br />3. boy = subject, has been = verb, player = predicate nominative<br />4. uncle = subject, became = verb, expert = predicate nominative<br />5. Mr. Bush = subject, may be = verb, president = predicate nominative<br />Lesson 102 - Parts of the Sentence - Predicate Nominative<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn.<br />The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. Mr. Johanson is a father. Mr. Johanson equals a father. Mr. Johanson is my neighbor. Mr. Johanson equals my neighbor.<br />Predicate nominatives can be compound. Example: Mr. Johanson is a teacher, father, and my neighbor.<br />List the subject, verb and predicate nominatives in the following sentences.<br />1. My favorite pets were a squirrel and a rabbit.<br />2. Our chief crops are corn, wheat, and hay.<br />3. Mr. Jones is an accountant and a big game hunter.<br />4. The owners of the race car include Bill, Pete, and Sam.<br />5. My favorite holidays are Christmas and Easter.<br />Answers<br />1. pets = subject, were = verb, squirrel, rabbit = predicate nominatives<br />2. crops = subject, are = verb, corn, wheat, hay = predicate nominatives<br />3. Mr. Jones = subject, is = verb, accountant, hunter = predicate nominatives<br />4. owners = subject, include = verb, Bill, Pete, Sam = predicate nominatives<br />5. holidays = subject, are = verb, Christmas, Easter = predicate nominatives<br />Lesson 103 - Parts of the Sentence - Predicate Nominative<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn.<br />The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. Mr. Johanson is a father. Mr. Johanson equals a father. Mr. Johanson is my neighbor. Mr. Johanson equals my neighbor.<br />Predicate nominatives can be compound. Example: Mr. Johanson is a teacher, father, and my neighbor.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, and predicate nominatives in these sentences. Some may have compound subjects, verbs, or predicate nominatives.<br />1. One traitor and enemy to his country was Benedict Arnold.<br />2. Two loved Presidents were Lincoln and Washington.<br />3. A ruby is a beautiful stone.<br />4. The roads in the mountains can be long dusty trails.<br />5. The location to the mine was and still is a secret.<br />Answers<br />1. traitor, enemy = subjects, was = verb, Benedict Arnold = predicate nominative<br />2. Presidents = subject, were = verb, Lincoln, Washington = predicate nominatives<br />3. ruby = subject, is = verb, stone = predicate nominative<br />4. roads = subject, can be = verb, trails = predicate nominatives<br />5. location = subject, was, is = verbs, secret = predicate nominatives<br />Lesson 104 - Parts of the Sentence - Predicate Nominative<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn.<br />The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. Mr. Johanson is a father. Mr. Johanson equals a father. Mr. Johanson is my neighbor. Mr. Johanson equals my neighbor.<br />Predicate nominatives can be compound. Example: Mr. Johanson is a teacher, father, and my neighbor.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, and predicate nominatives in these sentences. Some may have compound subjects, verbs, or predicate nominatives. Some may not have a predicate nominative.<br />1. Abbott and Costello were famous actors and a comedy team.<br />2. Radio and television have become old inventions and household necessities.<br />3. Many neglected children become really unhappy grownups.<br />4. The car has been here for a long time.<br />5. She was a model and became a movie star.<br />Answers<br />1. Abbott, Costello = subjects, were = verb, actors, team = predicate nominatives<br />2. radio, television = subjects, have become = verb, inventions, necessities = predicate nominatives<br />3. children = subject, become = verb, grownups = predicate nominatives<br />4. car = subject, has been = verb<br />5. she = subject, was, became = verbs, model, movie star = predicate nominatives<br />Lesson 105 - Parts of the Sentence - Predicate Nominative<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn.<br />The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. Mr. Johanson is a father. Mr. Johanson equals a father. Mr. Johanson is my neighbor. Mr. Johanson equals my neighbor.<br />Predicate nominatives can be compound. Example: Mr. Johanson is a teacher, father, and my neighbor.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, and predicate nominatives in these sentences. Some may have compound subjects, verbs, or predicate nominatives. Some may not have a predicate nominative.<br />1. An honest man should have been the leader of the country.<br />2. Curt's favorite toy is his big truck.<br />3. Students' favorite food must be pizza.<br />4. The alarm must be ringing again and again.<br />5. My homes have been a school house, an old apartment, and a moved-in house.<br />Answers<br />1. man = subject, should have been = verb, leader = predicate nominative<br />2. toy = subject, is = verb, truck = predicate nominative<br />3. food = subject, must be = verb, pizza = predicate nominative<br />4. alarm = subject, must be ringing = verb<br />5. homes = subject, have been = verb, school house, apartment, house = predicate nominatives<br />Quiz - Lessons 101 - 105 - Parts of the Sentence - Predicate Nominative<br />Find the subjects, verbs, and predicate nominatives in these sentences. Some may have compound subjects, verbs, or predicate nominatives. Some may not have a predicate nominative.<br />1. My favorite musical instruments are the radio, television, and stereo.<br />2. Two popular trees are the linden and the honey locust.<br />3. The winner will be either Jeff or Will.<br />4. Are those people our neighbors and friends?<br />5. Baseball and golf are outdoor sports.<br />6. I will be home tomorrow.<br />7. Your doctor should be a well-trained individual.<br />8. Jenny and Emily are close friends.<br />9. The grand prize was a trip to Hawaii and a cruise to Alaska.<br />10. Mr. Hatch is a member of congress and a song writer.<br />Answers<br />1. instruments = subject, are = verb, radio, television, stereo = predicate nominatives<br />2. trees = subject, are = verb, linden, honey locust = predicate nominatives<br />3. winner = subject, will be = verb, Jeff, Will = predicate nominatives<br />4. people = subject, are = verb, neighbors, friends = predicate nominatives<br />5. baseball, golf = subjects, are = verb, sports = predicate nominative<br />6. I = subject, will be = verb<br />7. doctor = subject, should be = verb, individual = predicate nominative<br />8. Jenny, Emily = subject, are = verb, friends = predicate nominative<br />9. prize = subject, was = verb, trip, cruise = predicate nominatives<br />10. Mr. Hatch = subject, is = verb, member, writer = predicate nominatives<br /><br />Lesson 106 - Parts of the Sentence - Direct Object<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb used with a direct object is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object.<br />If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object.<br />The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase. The direct object will not equal the subject as the predicate nominative, nor does it have a linking verb as a predicate nominative sentences does.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, and direct objects in the following sentences.<br />1. Paul built a doll house for Hayley.<br />2. The club members held a party in the park.<br />3. The audience cheered their favorite actors during the play.<br />4. Tiny children prefer short stories.<br />5. Terri really dialed a wrong number last night.<br />Answers<br />1. Paul = subject / built = verb / house = direct object<br />2. members = subject / held = verb / party = direct object<br />3. audience = subject / cheered = verb / actors = direct object<br />4. children = subject / prefer = verb / stories = direct object<br />5. Terri = subject / dialed = verb / number = direct object<br />Lesson 107 - Parts of the Sentence - Direct Object<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb used with a direct object is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object.<br />If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object.<br />The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase. The direct object will not equal the subject as the predicate nominative, nor does it have a linking verb as a predicate nominative sentences does.<br />Direct objects may be compound. Example: The car hit the tree and the fence. The car hit whom or what? Tree and fence answer the question so tree and fence are the direct objects.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, and direct objects in these sentences.<br />1. The students of these lessons have studied subjects and verbs.<br />2. The hungry man ate cake, pie and rolls continually.<br />3. John wants a bicycle and a wagon for Christmas.<br />4. Everyone at the party enjoyed the hamburgers, hot dogs, potato chips and drinks.<br />5. Grandma left her umbrella and coat at our house.<br />Answers<br />1. students = subject / have studied = verb / subjects, verbs = direct objects<br />2. man = subject / ate = verb / cake, pie, rolls = direct objects<br />3. John = subject / wants = verb / bicycle, wagon = direct objects<br />4. Everyone = subject / enjoyed = verb / hamburgers, hot dogs, potato chips, drinks = direct objects<br />5. Grandma = subject / left = verb / umbrella, coat = direct objects.<br />Lesson 108 - Parts of the Sentence - Direct Object<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb used with a direct object is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object.<br />If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object.<br />The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase. The direct object will not equal the subject as the predicate nominative, nor does it have a linking verb as a predicate nominative sentences does.<br />Direct objects may be compound. Example: The car hit the tree and the fence. The car hit whom or what? Tree and fence answer the question so tree and fence are the direct objects.<br />A sentence may have a compound verb with one direct object for both verbs. Example: The man mowed and raked the lawn. The lawn received the action of being both mowed and raked by the man.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, and direct objects in these sentences.<br />1. The worker sanded and painted the bookcase.<br />2. The cat chased and caught the mouse.<br />3. Mike wrapped and sent the package.<br />4. Mother cooked and served the meal to everyone at the party.<br />5. The cowboy rode and broke the wild horse.<br />Answers<br />1. worker = subject / sanded, painted = verbs / bookcase = direct object<br />2. cat = subject / chased, caught = verbs / mouse = direct object<br />3. Mike = subject / wrapped, sent = verbs / package = direct object<br />4. Mother = subject / cooked, served = verbs / meal = direct object<br />5. cowboy = subject / rode, broke = verbs / horse = direct object<br />Lesson 109 - Parts of the Sentence - Direct Object<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb used with a direct object is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object.<br />If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object.<br />The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase. The direct object will not equal the subject as the predicate nominative, nor does it have a linking verb as a predicate nominative sentences does.<br />Direct objects may be compound. Example: The car hit the tree and the fence. The car hit whom or what? Tree and fence answer the question so tree and fence are the direct objects.<br />A sentence with a compound verb may have two different direct objects in it. Example: The dog ate the meat and drank some water. The direct object for the verb ate is meat, and the direct object for the verb drank is water. The dog didn't drink the meat or eat the water.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, and direct objects in these sentences.<br />1. The football player changed his clothes and took a shower.<br />2. The speaker read his speech and answered some questions.<br />3. The carpenter fixed the door and painted the house.<br />4. The little girl played the piano and sang a song.<br />5. My neighbor mowed his lawn and watered the flowers.<br />Answers<br />1. player = subject / changed = verb / clothes = direct object // took = verb / shower = direct object<br />2. speaker = subject / read = verb / speech = direct object // answered = verb / questions = direct object<br />3. carpenter = subject / fixed = verb / door = direct object // painted = verb / house = direct object<br />4. girl = subject / played = verb / piano = direct object // sang = verb / song = direct object<br />5. neighbor= subject / mowed = verb / lawn = direct object // watered = verb / flowers = direct object<br />Lesson 110 - Parts of the Sentence - Direct Object<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb used with a direct object is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object.<br />If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object.<br />The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase. The direct object will not equal the subject as the predicate nominative, nor does it have a linking verb as a predicate nominative sentences does.<br />Direct objects may be compound. Example: The car hit the tree and the fence. The car hit whom or what? Tree and fence answer the question so tree and fence are the direct objects.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, direct objects, and predicate nominatives in these sentences. They may be sentences with direct objects, compound verbs with separate direct objects, predicate nominatives, or without either a direct object or predicate nominative.<br />1. Jeanne was the chairperson of the dance committee.<br />2. The boys at the park played tag and ran races.<br />3. The baker cut and wrapped the bread.<br />4. The large round spaceship rose over the quiet city.<br />5. Jeff and Carl speak the same language.<br />Answers<br />1. Jeanne = subject / was = verb / chairperson = predicate nominative<br />2. boys = subject / played = verb / tag = direct object // ran = verb / races = direct object<br />3. baker = subject / cut, wrapped = verbs / bread = direct object<br />4. spaceship = subject / rose = verb / (There is no predicate nominative or direct object.)<br />5. Jeff, Carl = subjects / speak = verb / language = direct object<br />Lessons 106 - 110 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Direct Object<br />Find the subjects, verbs, direct objects, and predicate nominatives in these sentences. They may be sentences with direct objects, compound verbs with separate direct objects, predicate nominatives, or without either a direct object or predicate nominative.<br />1. Someone must have dialed my number by mistake.<br />2. They hung up quickly.<br />3. I hate phone calls.<br />4. The girl combed her hair and brushed her teeth for her date.<br />5. The boy and the girl love their dogs.<br />6. Joe should have been captain of the debate team.<br />7. The soldier cleaned and polished his rifle.<br />8. The girls fished for hours without a bite.<br />9. Today was the warmest day in years.<br />10. You must do your lessons correctly.<br />Answers<br />1. someone = subject / must have dialed = verb / number = direct object<br />2. they = subject / hung = verb<br />3. I = subject / hate = verb / calls = direct object<br />4. girl = subject / combed = verb / hair = direct object // brushed = verb / teeth = direct object<br />5. boy, girl = subjects / love = verb / dogs = direct object<br />6. Joe = subject / should have been = verb / captain = predicate nominative<br />7. soldier = subject / cleaned, polished = verbs / rifle = direct object<br />8. girls = subject / fished = verb<br />9. today = subject / was = verb / day = predicate nominative<br />10. you = subject / must do = verb / lessons = direct object<br /><br />Lesson 111 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb, Predicate Nominatives, Direct Objects<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? Bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn. The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. A predicate nominative will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object. If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object. The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, predicate nominatives, and direct objects in these sentences.<br />1. Our neighbors are from Australia.<br />2. Our best friends are visiting England.<br />3. Was Samuel ever in the army?<br />4. The basketball coach was a great example for the boys.<br />5. Was the circus a thrilling time for you?<br />Answers<br />1. neighbors = subject / are = verb<br />2. friends = subject / are visiting = verb / England = direct object<br />3. Samuel = subject / was = verb<br />4. coach = subject / was = verb / example = predicate nominative<br />5. circus = subject / was = verb / time = predicate nominative<br />Lesson 112 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb, Predicate Nominatives, Direct Objects<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? Bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn. The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. A predicate nominative will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object. If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object. The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, predicate nominatives, and direct objects in these sentences.<br />1. There has been a change in the schedule.<br />2. Who brought the cake and ice cream?<br />3. We saw and touched the baby panda at the zoo.<br />4. Larry was my best friend and married a girl from Las Vegas.<br />5. Oh, I lost my wallet and missed the bus for home.<br />Answers<br />1. change = subject / has been = verb<br />2. who = subject / brought = verb / cake, ice cream = direct objects<br />3. we = subject / saw, touched = verbs / panda = direct object<br />4. Larry = subject / was = verb / friend = predicate nominative // married = verb / girl = direct object<br />5. I = subject / lost = verb / wallet = direct object // missed = verb / bus = direct object<br />Lesson 113 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb, Predicate Nominatives, Direct Objects<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? Bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn. The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. A predicate nominative will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object. If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object. The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, predicate nominatives, and direct objects in these sentences.<br />1. In the woods the rain came down in torrents.<br />2. Jim will be waiting for you at the mall.<br />3. The reckless driver hit the deer and swerved into another car.<br />4. The policeman stopped to help and saved the man's life.<br />5. The men and women stopped and helped the lame horse and its rider.<br />Answers<br />1. rain = subject / came = verb<br />2. Jim = subject / will be waiting = verb<br />3. driver = subject / hit = verb, deer = direct object // swerved = verb<br />4. policeman = subject / stopped = verb // saved = verb / life =direct object<br />5. men, women = subjects / stopped, helped = verbs / horse, rider = direct objects<br />Lesson 114 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb, Predicate Nominatives, Direct Objects<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? Bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn. The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. A predicate nominative will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object. If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object. The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, predicate nominatives, and direct objects in these sentences.<br />1. Wow! There goes a yellow-bellied marmot.<br />2. Ferrets eat prairie dogs and have been reintroduced into some areas.<br />3. Some endangered animals are the cheetah, the meercats, and some marmosets.<br />4. My father and I cut and sawed the tree but never killed it.<br />5. You need more sleep and less television watching.<br />Answers<br />1. marmot = subject / goes = verb<br />2. ferrets = subject / eat = verb / prairie dogs = direct object // have been reintroduced = verb<br />3. animals = subject / are = verb / cheetah, meercats, marmosets = predicate nominatives<br />4. father, I = subjects / cut, sawed = verbs / tree = direct object // killed = verb / it = direct object<br />5. you = subject / need = verb / sleep, watching = direct objects<br />Lesson 115 - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb, Predicate Nominatives, Direct Objects<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). A verb shows action or state of being. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. The subject tells who or what about the verb. Examples: The bell rang. The boy is here. When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb. Example: The bell rang. Find the verb - rang. Now say who or what rang? Bell rang. Bell is the subject.<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. It is a complement or completer because it completes the verb. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. The linking verbs include the following: the helping verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, and been; the sense verbs look, taste, smell, feel, and sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, and turn. The verb in a sentence having a predicate nominative can always be replaced by the word equals. Examples: Mr. Johanson is a teacher. Mr. Johanson equals a teacher. A predicate nominative will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb is always an action verb. Another way of saying it is that the subject does the verb to the direct object. Example: The car hit the tree. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. The car hit whom or what? Tree answers the question so tree is the direct object. If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. Example: The car sped past. The car sped whom or what? Nothing answers the question so the sentence has no direct object. The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. A direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />Find the subjects, verbs, predicate nominatives, and direct objects in these sentences.<br />1. Mutt and Jeff were old comic characters.<br />2. Ila scraped and rubbed the old tub for hours.<br />3. He hit the ball hard and ran to first base.<br />4. Do you have the ticket or the money?<br />5. Well, the television program had too much violence and gore.<br />Answers<br />1. Mutt, Jeff = subjects / were = verb / characters = predicate nominative<br />2. Ila = subject / scraped, rubbed = verbs / tub = direct object<br />3. He = subject / hit = verb / ball = direct object // ran = verb<br />4. you = subject / do have = verb / ticket, money = direct objects<br />5. program = subject / had = verb / violence, gore = direct objects<br />Lessons 111-115 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Subject/Verb, Predicate Nominative, Direct Object<br />Find the subjects, verbs, predicate nominatives, direct objects, interjections, and introductory there in these sentences.<br />1. Both the lady and the gentleman had proper manners and good etiquette.<br />2. My wife dusted the furniture and cleaned the floors.<br />3. There is no reason for this mess.<br />4. Where is the white tablecloth for the table?<br />5. Well, there are no more candles for sale.<br />6. The actress was still a very beautiful and lovely person.<br />7. My mother wanted both flour and sugar from the neighbor.<br />8. The student knew the answer and was sure of it.<br />9. The snow storm raged during the night and all day.<br />10. Jim caught and cleaned both fish quickly.<br />Answers<br />1. lady, gentleman = subjects / had = verb / manners, etiquette = direct objects<br />2. wife = subject / dusted = verb / furniture = direct object // cleaned = verb / floors = direct object<br />3. There = introductory there / reason = subject / is = verb<br />4. tablecloth = subject / is = verb<br />5. well = interjection / there = introductory there / candles = subject / are = verb<br />6. actress = subject / was = verb / person = predicate nominative<br />7. mother = subject / wanted = verb / flour, sugar = direct objects<br />8. student = subject / knew = verb / answer = direct object // was = verb<br />9. storm = subject / raged = verb<br />10. Jim = subject / caught, cleaned = verbs / fish = direct object<br /><br />Lesson 116 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Since we have studied predicate nominatives and direct objects, we can now learn about transitive and intransitive verbs.<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Intransitive verbs have no receiver of the action. They are classified as intransitive complete or intransitive linking. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Examples: The girl is Mary. (predicate nominative) The girl is cute. (predicate adjective) Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs. Examples: The bell rang suddenly. The girl knitted all evening. (There is no receiver of the action.) They were here. (no action or predicate nominative or predicate adjective.)<br />Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking, or intransitive complete.<br />1. The stadium roared with the cheers of the fans.<br />2. Bill was the captain of the ship.<br />3. A new dress will be needed for the dance.<br />4. Did Rulon forget his new title?<br />5. Chris has a new digital camera!<br />Answers<br />1. roared - intransitive complete (no receiver of the action)<br />2. was - intransitive linking (captain is a predicate nominative)<br />3. will be needed - transitive passive (be is the helping verb and dress receives the action)<br />4. did forget - transitive active (title receives the action and is the direct object)<br />5. has - transitive active (camera receives the action and is the direct object)<br />Lesson 117 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Intransitive verbs have no receiver of the action. They are classified as intransitive complete or intransitive linking. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Examples: The girl is Mary. (predicate nominative) The girl is cute. (predicate adjective) Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs. Examples: The bell rang suddenly. The girl knitted all evening. (There is no receiver of the action.) They were here. (no action or predicate nominative or predicate adjective.)<br />Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking, or intransitive complete.<br />1. The hikers reached the mountain by nightfall.<br />2. They prepared their own meals that night.<br />3. Last week the family painted the house.<br />4. Jane spent her vacation in the Grand Tetons.<br />5. The apricot tree spread its branches over the fence.<br />Answers<br />1. reached - transitive active<br />2. prepared - transitive active<br />3. painted - transitive active<br />4. spent - transitive active<br />5. spread - transitive active<br />(All of the sentences have direct objects.)<br />Lesson 118 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Intransitive verbs have no receiver of the action. They are classified as intransitive complete or intransitive linking. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Examples: The girl is Mary. (predicate nominative) The girl is cute. (predicate adjective) Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs. Examples: The bell rang suddenly. The girl knitted all evening. (There is no receiver of the action.) They were here. (no action or predicate nominative or predicate adjective.)<br />Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking, or intransitive complete.<br />1. Yesterday Grandma was hit by a car.<br />2. My former classmates were seen at the reunion.<br />3. The lamp for the study was broken on the way home.<br />4. At camp taps had been blown every night.<br />5. The dirty clothes will be sent to be cleaned.<br />Answers<br />1. was hit - transitive passive<br />2. were seen - transitive passive<br />3. was broken - transitive passive<br />4. had been blown - transitive passive<br />5. will be sent - transitive passive<br />(All sentences have the subjects receiving the action and the necessary helping verbs.)<br />Lesson 119 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Intransitive verbs have no receiver of the action. They are classified as intransitive complete or intransitive linking. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Examples: The girl is Mary. (predicate nominative) The girl is cute. (predicate adjective) Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs. Examples: The bell rang suddenly. The girl knitted all evening. (There is no receiver of the action.) They were here. (no action or predicate nominative or predicate adjective.)<br />Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking, or intransitive complete.<br />1. Mother looked for her lost shoes.<br />2. The sea waves lapped at the levy.<br />3. There are many desserts for the party.<br />4. Rebecca hunted for her baby sister.<br />5. Duty calls.<br />Answers<br />1. looked - intransitive complete<br />2. lapped - intransitive complete<br />3. are - intransitive complete<br />4. hunted - intransitive complete<br />5. calls - intransitive complete<br />(None of the sentences have receivers for the action or predicate nominatives or predicate adjectives.)<br />Lesson 120 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Intransitive verbs have no receiver of the action. They are classified as intransitive complete or intransitive linking. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Examples: The girl is Mary. (predicate nominative) The girl is cute. (predicate adjective) Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs. Examples: The bell rang suddenly. The girl knitted all evening. (There is no receiver of the action.) They were here. (no action or predicate nominative or predicate adjective.)<br />Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking, or intransitive complete.<br />1. The radio was my favorite gift at Christmas.<br />2. Jay will be the winner of the most games.<br />3. The meal tasted wonderful to everyone.<br />4. The furniture should be early American style for this room.<br />5. Gomer Pyle's favorite expression was "Golly!".<br />Answers<br />1. was - intransitive linking (gift = predicate nominative)<br />2. will be - intransitive linking (winner = predicate nominative)<br />3. tasted - intransitive linking ( wonderful = predicate adjective)<br />4. should be - intransitive linking (style = predicate nominative)<br />5. was - intransitive linking (Golly = predicate nominative)<br />Quiz - Lessons 116- 120 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs and Voice<br />Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking, or intransitive complete.<br />1. We started our new lessons today.<br />2. The game started at noon.<br />3. Mr. Paul is our math teacher.<br />4. The dog slept in the sun.<br />5. The cat chased our dog around the barn.<br />6. Ann prepared the fruit for the salad.<br />7. The relish tray was done by the two sisters.<br />8. The meal is now complete.<br />9. The man opened the car door for his wife.<br />10. There were many guests at the party.<br />Answers<br />1. started - transitive active (lessons = direct object)<br />2. started - intransitive complete (no receiver of the action)<br />3. is - intransitive linking (teacher = predicate nominative)<br />4. slept - intransitive complete (no receiver of the action)<br />5. chased - transitive active (dog = direct object)<br />6. prepared - transitive active (fruit = direct object)<br />7. was done - transitive passive (tray = receiver of the action and is the subject)<br />8. is - intransitive linking (complete = predicate adjective)<br />9. opened - transitive active (door = direct object)<br />10. were - intransitive complete ( no action or predicate nominative or predicate adjective)<br /><br />Lesson 121 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Transitive active sentences can be changed to transitive passive sentences by making the direct object the subject and putting the subject either in a prepositional phrase or omitting it. Example: The daughter kissed her mother on the cheek. The mother was kissed on the cheek by her daughter. The mother was kissed on the cheek. (Mother is the receiver of the action in all three sentences, but in the last two sentences mother is the subject of the sentences.)<br />Transform the following transitive active sentences into transitive passive sentences by putting the subject in a prepositional phrase.<br />1. The whole state elects the governor.<br />2. Children from all countries love that game.<br />3. The critics reviewed the new Broadway play.<br />4. The pirates hid the treasure quickly.<br />5. Terri examined the bugs on the tree.<br />Answers<br />1. The governor is elected by the whole state.<br />2. That game is loved by children of all countries.<br />3. The new Broadway play was reviewed by the critics.<br />4. The treasure was quickly hidden by the pirates.<br />5. The bugs on the tree were examined by Terri.<br />(Your answers may vary somewhat from mine.)<br />Lesson 122 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Transitive active sentences can be changed to transitive passive sentences by making the direct object the subject and putting the subject either in a prepositional phrase or omitting it. Example: The daughter kissed her mother on the cheek. The mother was kissed on the cheek by her daughter. The mother was kissed on the cheek. (Mother is the receiver of the action in all three sentences, but in the last two sentences mother is the subject of the sentences.)<br />Transform the following transitive active sentences into transitive passive sentences by omitting the subject.<br />1. She put the ribbon on the package.<br />2. People chew the twigs for medicinal purposes.<br />3. The marks easily identified the trees to cut down.<br />4. The neighbors enjoyed the nightly chats over the fence.<br />5. The class play received a standing ovation on the first night.<br />Answers<br />1. The ribbon was put on the package.<br />2. The twigs are chewed for medicinal purposes.<br />3. The trees to cut down were easily identified.<br />4. The nightly chats were enjoyed over the fence.<br />5. A standing ovation was received on the first night.<br />(Your answers may vary somewhat from mine.)<br />Lesson 123 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Transitive active sentences can be changed to transitive passive sentences by making the direct object the subject and putting the subject either in a prepositional phrase or omitting it. Example: The daughter kissed her mother on the cheek. The mother was kissed on the cheek by her daughter. The mother was kissed on the cheek. (Mother is the receiver of the action in all three sentences, but in the last two sentences mother is the subject of the sentences.)<br />Transform the following transitive passive sentences into transitive active sentences by taking the new subject from the prepositional phrase and making the old subject the direct object.<br />1. Consent was given by Rebecca.<br />2. The note was written by you.<br />3. Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese.<br />4. The prize was won by the last contestant.<br />5. The difficult role was played well by the understudy.<br />Answers<br />1. Rebecca gave her consent.<br />2. You wrote the note.<br />3. The Chinese invented gunpowder.<br />4. The last contestant won the prize.<br />5. The understudy played well the difficult role.<br />(Your answers may vary somewhat from mine.)<br />Lesson 124 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Transitive active sentences can be changed to transitive passive sentences by making the direct object the subject and putting the subject either in a prepositional phrase or omitting it. Example: The daughter kissed her mother on the cheek. The mother was kissed on the cheek by her daughter. The mother was kissed on the cheek. (Mother is the receiver of the action in all three sentences, but in the last two sentences mother is the subject of the sentences.)<br />Transform the following transitive passive sentences into transitive active sentences by making the old subject the direct object and adding a new subject.<br />1. The music was practiced every day.<br />2. The homecoming parade has been delayed.<br />3. The entries must be mailed by tomorrow.<br />4. A solution to the problem had been sought everywhere.<br />5. The quilt was finally finished.<br />Answers<br />1. She practiced the music everyday.<br />2. The accident delayed the homecoming parade.<br />3. You must mail the entries by tomorrow.<br />4. They sought a solution to the problem everywhere.<br />5. The women finally finished the quilt.<br />(Your answers may vary somewhat from mine.)<br />Lesson 125 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb.<br />Transitive active sentences can be changed to transitive passive sentences by making the direct object the subject and putting the subject either in a prepositional phrase or omitting it. Example: The daughter kissed her mother on the cheek. The mother was kissed on the cheek by her daughter. The mother was kissed on the cheek. (Mother is the receiver of the action in all three sentences, but in the last two sentences mother is the subject of the sentences.)<br />Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking, or intransitive complete.<br />1. Father was always losing his keys.<br />2. The dinner was hastily prepared.<br />3. The strange face was seen in the window.<br />4. The cold man was going down the road.<br />5. My wife is a beautiful woman.<br />Answers<br />1. was losing - transitive active<br />2. was prepared - transitive passive<br />3. was seen - transitive passive<br />4. was going - intransitive complete<br />5. is - intransitive linking<br />Quiz - Lessons 121 - 125 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<br />Tell whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive active, transitive passive, intransitive linking, or intransitive complete.<br />1. The programs had been printed.<br />2. Jeff opened the door for his mother.<br />3. The parade began on time.<br />4. The weather has been very warm in November.<br />5. Mr. Johanson is an interesting person.<br />6. Winter lasts too long for me.<br />7. The beach was used by the entire town.<br />8. The apples had a sour taste.<br />9. Time passes rapidly during our vacation.<br />10. The jury made the right decision.<br />Answers<br />1. had been printed - transitive passive<br />2. opened - transitive active<br />3. began - intransitive complete<br />4. has been - intransitive linking<br />5. is - intransitive linking<br />6. lasts - intransitive linking or intransitive complete<br />7. was used - transitive passive<br />8. had - transitive active<br />9. passes - intransitive complete<br />10. made - transitive active<br /><br />Lesson 126 - Parts of the Sentence - Appositives<br />An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. It is set off by commas unless closely tied to the word that it identifies or renames. ("Closely tied" means that it is needed to identify the word.) Examples: My son Carl is a medical technician. (no commas) Badger, our dog with a missing leg, has a love for cats. (commas needed)<br />Appositives should not be confused with predicate nominatives. A verb will separate the subject from the predicate nominative. An appositive can follow any noun or pronoun including the subject, direct object, or predicate nominative.<br />Identify the appositives in the following sentences and tell whether they are appositives to subjects, direct objects, or predicate nominatives.<br />1. The neighbor boys, the twins, were excellent baseball players.<br />2. The girl in the red dress is Sarah, our best actress.<br />3. Have you read Brothers, a book by Dean Hughes?<br />4. There goes Grant Long, the electrical contractor.<br />5. My friend, Matt Matson, collects lost hubcaps.<br />Answers<br />1. twins = appositive to the subject, boys<br />2. actress = appositive to the predicate nominative, Sarah<br />3. book = appositive to the direct object, Brothers<br />4. contractor = appositive to the subject, Grant Long<br />5. Matt Matson = appositive to the subject, friend<br />Lesson 127 - Parts of the Sentence - Appositives<br />An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. It is set off by commas unless closely tied to the word that it identifies or renames. ("Closely tied" means that it is needed to identify the word.) Examples: My son Carl is a medical technician. (no commas) Badger, our dog with a missing leg, has a love for cats. (commas needed)<br />Appositives should not be confused with predicate nominatives. A verb will separate the subject from the predicate nominative. An appositive can follow any noun or pronoun including the subject, direct object, or predicate nominative.<br />Identify the appositives in the following sentences and tell whether they are appositives to subjects, direct objects, or predicate nominatives.<br />1. My brother Bill has a cabin in the mountains.<br />2. Friday, my birthday, will be the thirteenth.<br />3. Hopping on the fence was a rare bird, the cedar waxwing.<br />4. This is Fred, an old roommate of mine.<br />5. Have you seen my car, an old Rambler.<br />Answers<br />1. Bill = appositive to subject, brother<br />2. birthday = appositive to subject, Friday<br />3. cedar waxwing = appositive to subject, bird<br />4. roommate = appositive to predicate nominative, Fred<br />5. Rambler = appositive to direct object, car<br />Lesson 128 - Parts of the Sentence - Appositives<br />An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. It is set off by commas unless closely tied to the word that it identifies or renames. ("Closely tied" means that it is needed to identify the word.) Examples: My son Carl is a medical technician. (no commas) Badger, our dog with a missing leg, has a love for cats. (commas needed)<br />Appositives should not be confused with predicate nominatives. A verb will separate the subject from the predicate nominative. An appositive can follow any noun or pronoun including the subject, direct object, or predicate nominative.<br />Appositives may be compound. Example: The two children, Wendy and Sam, are excellent students.<br />Identify the appositives in the following sentences and tell whether they are appositives to subjects, direct objects, or predicate nominatives.<br />1. Our leading scorer is Michael, the center and captain of the team.<br />2. These two students, Kay and Eric, are new to our school.<br />3. The doctor helped two patients, the boy with the broken leg and the girl with a burned arm.<br />4. Our neighbors, the Smiths and the Fehers, are moving next week.<br />5. James loves two games, checkers and chess.<br />Answers<br />1. center/captain = appositives to predicate nominative, Michael<br />2. Kay/Eric = appositives to subject, students<br />3. boy/girl = appositives to direct objects, patients<br />4. Smiths/Fehers = appositives to subject, neighbors<br />5. checkers/chess = appositives to direct object, games<br />Lesson 129 - Parts of the Sentence - Appositives<br />An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. It is set off by commas unless closely tied to the word that it identifies or renames. ("Closely tied" means that it is needed to identify the word.) Examples: My son Carl is a medical technician. (no commas) Badger, our dog with a missing leg, has a love for cats. (commas needed)<br />Appositives should not be confused with predicate nominatives. A verb will separate the subject from the predicate nominative. An appositive can follow any noun or pronoun including the subject, direct object, or predicate nominative.<br />You can make one smooth sentence from two short, choppy sentences by using an appositive. Example: Ila won the prize. It was a trip to Hawaii. Ila won the prize, a trip to Hawaii.<br />Combine the following sentences by using an appositive.<br />1. Yesterday I saw an exciting movie. It was called Goldeneye.<br />2. Mr. Jones will be with you shortly. He is the plant manager.<br />3. That woman is my neighbor. She is a well-known author.<br />4. Luis can do almost anything. He is a talented person.<br />5. Do you want to meet Barbara Jean? She is my lab assistant.<br />Answers<br />1. Yesterday I saw an exciting movie, Goldeneye. / Yesterday I saw Goldeneye, an exciting movie.<br />2. Mr. Jones, the plant manager, will be with you shortly. / The plant manager Mr. Jones will be with you shortly.<br />3. That woman, a well-known author, is my neighbor. / That woman is my neighbor, a well-known author.<br />That woman is a well-known author, my neighbor. / That woman, my neighbor, is a well-known author.<br />4. Luis, a talented person, can do almost anything.<br />5. Do you want to meet Barbara Jean, my lab assistant? / Do you want to meet my lab assistant Barbara Jean?<br />Lesson 130- Parts of the Sentence - Appositives<br />An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. It is set off by commas unless closely tied to the word that it identifies or renames. ("Closely tied" means that it is needed to identify the word.) Examples: My son Carl is a medical technician. (no commas) Badger, our dog with a missing leg, has a love for cats. (commas needed)<br />Appositives should not be confused with predicate nominatives. A verb will separate the subject from the predicate nominative. An appositive can follow any noun or pronoun including the subject, direct object, or predicate nominative.<br />You can make one smooth sentence from two short, choppy sentences by using an appositive. Example: Ila won the prize. It was a trip to Hawaii. Ila won the prize, a trip to Hawaii.<br />Combine the following sentences by using an appositive.<br />1. Sonja sits beside me in English class. She is a girl from Poland.<br />2. On the deck are many plants. They are very colorful flowers.<br />3. There goes David. He is the owner of many businesses.<br />4. For dinner we had my favorite desserts. We had strawberry pie and cherry nut cake.<br />5. Last night I talked with Leon. He is my neighbor. He is my business partner.<br />Answers<br />1. Sonja, a girl from Poland, sits beside me in English class.<br />2. On the deck are many plants, very colorful flowers. / On the deck are very colorful flowers, many plants.<br />3. There goes David, the owner of many businesses.<br />4. For dinner we had my favorite desserts, strawberry pie and cherry nut cake. / For dinner we had strawberry pie and cherry nut cake, my favorite desserts.<br />5. Last night I talked with Leon, my neighbor and business partner.<br />Lessons 126 -130 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Appositives<br />Identify the appositives in the following sentences and tell whether they are appositives to subjects, direct objects, or predicate nominatives.<br />1. Rome, the capital of Italy, is a very large city.<br />2. Have you ever visited Lagoon, our biggest amusement park?<br />3. The woman with the hat, the viola player, is my sister-in-law.<br />4. Those women are Elaine and Marilyn, my two sisters.<br />5. Mr. Gayle, our sponsor, will show you around.<br />Combine the following sentences by using an appositive.<br />6. Mrs. Karren is greeting the guests. They are possible buyers.<br />7. Have you met our new foreman? He is the tall man in the coveralls.<br />8. Watch out for Main Street. It is a very slick road.<br />9. The Lewises provided the entertainment. They showed home movies.<br />10. The cargo was very precious. It was gold and silver.<br />Answers<br />1. capital = appositive to the subject, Rome<br />2. amusement park = appositive to direct object, Lagoon<br />3. player = appositive to subject, woman<br />4. sisters = appositive to predicate nominatives. Elaine/Marilyn<br />5. sponsor = appositive to subject, Mr. Gayle<br />6. Mrs. Karren is greeting the guests, possible buyers.<br />7. Have you met our new foreman, the tall man in the coveralls.<br />8. Watch out for Main Street, a very slick road.<br />9. The Lewises provided the entertainment, home movies.<br />10. The cargo, gold and silver, was very precious.<br /><br />Lesson 131 - Parts of the Sentence - Nouns of Address<br />Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking. They are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas, may have modifiers, and are not related to the rest of the sentence grammatically. You can remove them and a complete sentence remains. They may be first, last or in the middle of the sentence. Examples: John, where are you going? Where are you going, John? Where, John, are you going?<br />Because I use diagramming to teach in the classroom and can't on the internet, I will be asking you to find various parts of the sentence for the repetition. The repetition should help you remember the parts of the sentence.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. Sir, may I speak with you for a moment?<br />2. Jeff, are you leaving tomorrow?<br />3. Listen carefully to the instructions, boys and girls.<br />4. Fred, Anna needs your assistance for the afternoon.<br />5. Please, Mr. President, accept our apologies.<br />Answers<br />1. may speak = verb (ic), I = subject, sir = noun of address<br />2. are leaving = verb (ic), you = subject, Jeff = noun of address<br />3. listen = verb (ic), you (understood) = subject, boys and girls = nouns of address<br />4. needs = verb (ta), Anna = subject, assistance = direct object, Fred = noun of address<br />5. accept = verb (ta), you (understood) = subject, apologies = direct object, Mr. President = noun of address<br />Lesson 132 - Parts of the Sentence - Nouns of Address<br />Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking. They are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas, may have modifiers, and are not related to the rest of the sentence grammatically. You can remove them and a complete sentence remains. They may be first, last or in the middle of the sentence. Examples: John, where are you going? Where are you going, John? Where, John, are you going?<br />Because I use diagramming to teach in the classroom and can't on the internet, I will be asking you to find various parts of the sentence for the repetition. The repetition should help you remember the parts of the sentence.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. Here, Mary, is a glass of water.<br />2. My fellowmen, there is no need for worry.<br />3. What happened to my car, Dad?<br />4. You, my friends, are so kind!<br />5. We have no more candy, Jeanne.<br />Answers<br />1. is = verb (ic), glass = subject, Mary = noun of address<br />2. is = verb (ic), need = subject, fellowmen = noun of address<br />3. happened = verb (ic), what = subject, Dad = noun of address<br />4. are = verb (il), you = subject, friends = noun of address<br />5. have = verb (ta), we = subject, candy = direct object, Jeanne = noun of address<br />Lesson 133 - Parts of the Sentence - Nouns of Address<br />Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking. They are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas, may have modifiers, and are not related to the rest of the sentence grammatically. You can remove them and a complete sentence remains. They may be first, last or in the middle of the sentence. Examples: John, where are you going? Where are you going, John? Where, John, are you going?<br />Because I use diagramming to teach in the classroom and can't on the internet, I will be asking you to find various parts of the sentence for the repetition. The repetition should help you remember the parts of the sentence.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. General, your men are loyal soldiers and brave fighters.<br />2. There is no need for alarm, students.<br />3. Will he give the instructions again, Miss Jones?<br />4. Men and women, we must meet our goals to be successful.<br />5. Becky, the guests have already arrived.<br />Answers<br />1. are = verb (il), men = subject, soldiers/fighters = predicate nominatives, general = noun of address<br />2. is = verb (ic), need = subject, students = noun of address<br />3. will give = verb (ta), he = subject, instructions = direct object, Miss Jones = noun of address<br />4. must meet = verb (ta), we = subject, goals = direct object, Men/women = nouns of address<br />5. have arrived = verb (ic), guests = subject, Becky = noun of address<br />Lesson 134 - Parts of the Sentence - Nouns of Address<br />Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking. They are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas, may have modifiers, and are not related to the rest of the sentence grammatically. You can remove them and a complete sentence remains. They may be first, last or in the middle of the sentence. Examples: John, where are you going? Where are you going, John? Where, John, are you going?<br />An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. It is set off by commas unless closely tied to the word that it identifies or renames. ("Closely tied" means that it is needed to identify the word.) Examples: My son Carl is a medical technician. (no commas) Badger, our dog with a missing leg, has a love for cats. (commas needed) Appositives should not be confused with predicate nominatives. A verb will separate the subject from the predicate nominative. An appositive can follow any noun or pronoun including the subject, direct object or predicate nominative.<br />We must be sure to not confuse nouns of address with appositives since they are both set off with commas.<br />Because I use diagramming to teach in the classroom and can't on the internet, I will be asking you to find various parts of the sentence for the repetition. The repetition should help you remember the parts of the sentence.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. Sam, where is that car, the Volvo?<br />2. Joe, that woman, Miss Clayson, is a famous newscaster.<br />3. Mr. Smith, our sponsor, is upset with our advertising, Helen.<br />4. Kids, I want you to meet our new neighbor, Ann Wise.<br />5. Everyone, we will watch the television program, "Memories."<br />Answers<br />1. is = verb (ic), car = subject, Volvo = appositive, Sam = noun of address<br />2. is = verb (il), woman = subject, newscaster = predicate nominative, Miss Clayson = appositive, Joe = noun of address<br />3. is upset = verb (tp), Mr. Smith = subject, sponsor = appositive, Helen = noun of address<br />4. want = verb (ta), I = subject, you = direct object, Ann Wise = appositive, Kids = noun of address<br />5. will watch = verb (ta), we = subject, program = direct object, Everyone = noun of address, "Memories" = appositive<br />Lesson 135 - Parts of the Sentence - Nouns of Address<br />Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking. They are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas, may have modifiers, and are not related to the rest of the sentence grammatically. You can remove them and a complete sentence remains. They may be first, last or in the middle of the sentence. Examples: John, where are you going? Where are you going, John? Where, John, are you going?<br />An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. It is set off by commas unless closely tied to the word that it identifies or renames. ("Closely tied" means that it is needed to identify the word.) Examples: My son Carl is a medical technician. (no commas) Badger, our dog with a missing leg, has a love for cats. (commas needed) Appositives should not be confused with predicate nominatives. A verb will separate the subject from the predicate nominative. An appositive can follow any noun or pronoun including the subject, direct object or predicate nominative.<br />We must be sure to not confuse nouns of address with appositives since they are both set off with commas.<br />Because I use diagramming to teach in the classroom and can't on the internet, I will be asking you to find various parts of the sentence for the repetition. The repetition should help you remember the parts of the sentence.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. My car, a Plymouth van, rolled over and over on the highway.<br />2. Class, please read chapter one, "Verbs."<br />3. Gentlemen, we must help our young people, the leaders of tomorrow.<br />4. Sarah, this is my brother Ken.<br />5. We are planning a trip for next summer, young lady.<br />Answers<br />1. rolled = verb (ic), car = subject, van = appositive<br />2. read = verb (ta), you (understood) = subject, chapter one = direct object, "Verbs" = appositive, class = noun of address<br />3. must help = verb (ta), we = subject, people = direct object, leaders = appositive, gentlemen = noun of address<br />4. is = verb (il), this = subject, brother = predicate nominative, Ken = appositive, Sarah = noun of address<br />5. are planning = verb (ta), we = subject, trip = direct object, lady = noun of address<br />Quiz - Lessons 131- 135 - Parts of the Sentence - Nouns of Address<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. Dr. Jensen, a brain surgeon, performed the complicated operation.<br />2. These parts of the sentence, an appositive and a noun of address, are sometimes confused, students.<br />3. My fellow citizens, our local paper, the Blab, covers the news well.<br />4. That mongrel, a shaggy-looking creature, is my dog Badger.<br />5. You should consult Dr. A. J. Hoyt, a skin specialist, sir.<br />6. You, my dear, will have my promise, a statement of honor.<br />7. For dinner I had my favorite dessert, strawberry pie.<br />8. Comrades, we are here in Russia once again.<br />9, Matthew, have you swum in the Pacific Ocean, Balboa's discovery?<br />10. Have you met my friend, Amy?<br />Answers<br />1. performed = verb (ta), Dr. Jensen = subject, operation = direct object, surgeon = appositive<br />2. are confused = verb (tp), parts = subject, appositive/ noun = appositives, students = noun of address<br />3. covers = verb (ta), paper = subject, news = direct object, Blab = appositive, citizens = noun of address<br />4. is = verb (il), mongrel = subject, dog = predicate nominative, creature/Badger = appositives<br />5. should consult = verb (ta), you = subject, Dr. A. J. Hoyt = direct object, specialist = appositive, sir = noun of address<br />6. will have = verb (ta), you = subject, promise = direct object, statement = appositive, dear = noun of address<br />7. had = verb (ta), I = subject, dessert = direct object, pie = appositive<br />8. are = verb (ic), we = subject, Comrades = noun of address<br />9. have swum = verb (ic), you = subject, discovery = appositive, Matthew = noun of address<br />10. have met = verb (ta), you = subject, friend = direct object, Amy = noun of address (If it were an appositive, it would have no commas.)<br /><br />Lesson 136 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive. Many mistakes are made in the use of nominative and objective case pronouns. Memorizing each list will help you use them correctly.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative.<br />Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. (We will learn about indirect objects and objects of the preposition in later lessons.) (You and it are both nominative and objective case.)<br />Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun and tell why you chose it.<br />1. (I, Me) went to the movie.<br />2. (Him, He) is my best friend.<br />3. (They, Them) will be here soon.<br />4. (She, Her) ran happily down the street.<br />5. There (we, us) went.<br />6. (Who, Whom) is it?<br />Answers<br />1. I - subject<br />2. He - subject<br />3. They - subject<br />4. She - subject<br />5. we - subject<br />6. Who - subject<br />Lesson 137 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive. Many mistakes are made in the use of nominative and objective case pronouns. Memorizing each list will help you use them correctly.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative.<br />Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. (We will learn about indirect objects and objects of the preposition in later lessons.) (You and it are both nominative and objective case.)<br />Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun and tell why you chose it.<br />1. It could have been (them, they).<br />2. Yes, it was (us, we).<br />3. The runaway girl was (her, she).<br />4. This is (him, he).<br />5. The winner was (me, I).<br />Answers<br />1. they - predicate nominative<br />2. we - predicate nominative<br />3. she - predicate nominative<br />4. he - predicate nominative<br />5. I - predicate nominative<br />(Predicate nominatives give us the most trouble; therefore, these may all sound strange to you, but they are correct.)<br />Lesson 138 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive. Many mistakes are made in the use of nominative and objective case pronouns. Memorizing each list will help you use them correctly.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative.<br />Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. (We will learn about indirect objects and objects of the preposition in later lessons.) (You and it are both nominative and objective case.)<br />Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun and tell why you chose it.<br />1. (Who, Whom) did you send?<br />2. The man saw (them, they) outside.<br />3. Had the girls met (he, him) before?<br />4. The boss helped (we, us), Tom and (I, me).<br />5. I saw (she, her) at the door.<br />Answers<br />1. Whom - direct object<br />2. them - direct object<br />3. him - direct object<br />4. us - direct object, me - appositive to a direct object<br />5. her - direct object<br />Lesson 139 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive. Many mistakes are made in the use of nominative and objective case pronouns. Memorizing each list will help you use them correctly.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative.<br />Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. (We will learn about indirect objects and objects of the preposition in later lessons.) (You and it are both nominative and objective case.)<br />Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun and tell why you chose it.<br />1. Yes, it was (him, he).<br />2. (We, Us) girls went together to shop.<br />3. (Who, Whom) is on the phone? It is (me, I).<br />4. Jim met Pam and (me, I) at the movie.<br />5. The noise outside awakened (us, we).<br />Answers<br />1. he - predicate nominative<br />2. We - subject<br />3. who - subject, I - predicate nominative<br />4. me - direct object<br />5. us - direct object<br />Lesson 140 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive. Many mistakes are made in the use of nominative and objective case pronouns. Memorizing each list will help you use them correctly.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative.<br />Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. (We will learn about indirect objects and objects of the preposition in later lessons.) (You and it are both nominative and objective case.)<br />Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun and tell why you chose it.<br />1. Where were you and (she, her)?<br />2. No, it was not (us, we).<br />3. The writer is (he, him).<br />4. The group was not expecting (I, me).<br />5. The winners were (they, them), John and (him, he).<br />Answers<br />1. she - subject<br />2. we - predicate nominative<br />3. he - predicate nominative<br />4. me - direct object<br />5. they - predicate nominative, he - an appositive to the predicate nominative<br />Quiz - Lessons 136 - 140 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun and tell why you chose it.<br />1. (Whom, who) can (we, us) get to do the job?<br />2. (They, them) saw (we, us) at the horse races.<br />3. (She, Her) was not answering (him, he) at that time.<br />4. The captains will be Paul and (me, I).<br />5. The women saw (us, we) boys at the store.<br />6. Did (we, us) choose (them, they) for our dates?<br />7. The teacher wants one person, (her, she).<br />8. (We, Us) boys, Bob and (me, I) captured those two girls, Emily and (her, she).<br />9. It certainly must be (them, they).<br />10. (Who, Whom) invited (him, he) to the party?<br />Answers<br />1. Whom - direct object, we - subject<br />2. They - subject, us - direct object<br />3. She - subject, him - direct object<br />4. I - predicate nominative<br />5. us - direct object<br />6. we - subject, them - direct object<br />7. her - appositive to the direct object<br />8. We - subject, I - appositive to subject, her - appositive to direct object<br />9. they - predicate nominative<br />10. Who - subject, him - direct object<br /><br />Lesson 141 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, possessive.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative. Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. You and it are both nominative and objective case. Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes, but possessive nouns do. Do not confuse the possessive personal pronouns its, your, and their with the contractions it's (it is, it has), you're (you are), and they're (they are).<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun.<br />1. Our dog wagged (its, it's) tail for dinner.<br />2. (Your, You're) answer is right.<br />3. (Its, It's) been foggy all week.<br />4. This is (their, they're) first win.<br />5. (Your, You're) here on time!<br />Answers<br />1. its<br />2. your<br />3. it's (it has)<br />4. their<br />5. you're (you are)<br />Lesson 142 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, possessive.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative. Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. You and it are both nominative and objective case. Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes, but possessive nouns do. Do not confuse the possessive personal pronouns its, your, and their with the contractions it's (it is, it has), you're (you are), and they're (they are).<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun.<br />1. Mom thinks this book must be (yours, your's). (Its, It's) not mine.<br />2. Is that (your, you're) car or (theirs, their's)?<br />3. (Its, It's) their turn, not (ours, our's).<br />4. Take all the clothes that are (yours, your's), but do not touch (theirs, their's).<br />5. (Its, It's) (hers, her's) not (ours, our's).<br />Answers<br />1. yours / it's (it is)<br />2. your / theirs<br />3. it's (it is) / ours<br />4. yours / theirs<br />5. it's (it is) / hers / ours<br />Lesson 143 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, possessive.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative. Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. You and it are both nominative and objective case. Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes, but possessive nouns do. Do not confuse the possessive personal pronouns its, your, and their with the contractions it's (it is, it has), you're (you are), and they're (they are).<br />Tell how each italicized pronoun is used in these sentences.<br />1. It must have been he.<br />2. Can you see her?<br />3. Whom did they send?<br />4. The drivers were we, Carl and I.<br />5. I gave it to my son.<br />Answers<br />1. it = subject, he = predicate nominative<br />2. you = subject, her = direct object<br />3. whom = direct object, they = subject<br />4. we = predicate nominative, I = appositive to a predicate nominative<br />5. I = subject, it = direct object<br />Lesson 144 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, possessive.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative. Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. You and it are both nominative and objective case. Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes, but possessive nouns do. Do not confuse the possessive personal pronouns its, your, and their with the contractions it's (it is, it has), you're (you are), and they're (they are).<br />Tell how each italicized pronoun is used in these sentences.<br />1. My choice would be he.<br />2. She helped us, Jeff and me.<br />3. You have visited him before.<br />4. The losers are you and he.<br />5. It could have been they.<br />Answers<br />1. he = predicate nominative<br />2. she = subject, us = direct object, me = appositive to a direct object<br />3. you = subject, him = direct object<br />4. you = predicate nominative, he = predicate nominative<br />5. it = subject, they = predicate nominative<br />Lesson 145 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Pronouns take the place of nouns. Personal pronouns have what is called case. Case means that a different form of a pronoun is used for different parts of the sentence. There are three cases: nominative, objective, possessive.<br />Nominative case pronouns are I, she, he, we, they, and who. They are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, and appositives when used with a subject or predicate nominative. Objective case pronouns are me, her, him, us, them, and whom. They are used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, and appositives when used with one of the objects. You and it are both nominative and objective case. Possessive case pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their and theirs. They are used to show ownership.<br />Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes, but possessive nouns do. Do not confuse the possessive personal pronouns its, your, and their with the contractions it's (it is, it has), you're (you are), and they're (they are).<br />Tell how each italicized pronoun is used in these sentences.<br />1. It surely was she.<br />2. Did you see it?<br />3. Was it you or he at the play?<br />4. No, it wasn't we.<br />5. They saw me at the same time.<br />Answers<br />1. it = subject, she = predicate nominative<br />2. you = subject, it = direct object<br />3. it = subject, you = predicate nominative, he = predicate nominative<br />4. it = subject, we = predicate nominative<br />5. they = subject, me = direct object<br />Quiz - Lessons 141 - 145 - Parts of the Sentence - Pronouns<br />Choose the correct form of the pronoun and tell why you chose it.<br />1. (Whom, Who) has she told?<br />2. Jim chose Ann and (I, me).<br />3. This is (she, her) speaking.<br />4. Could it have been (they, them) leaving there?<br />5. They never called (you and I, you and me).<br />6. Mother called (we, us) children for supper.<br />7. The cat groomed (its, it's) paw.<br />8. Is this shirt (yours, your's)?<br />9. The next turn is (ours, our's).<br />10. (Their, They're) house is the new one.<br />Answers<br />1. whom - direct object<br />2. me - direct object<br />3. she - predicate nominative<br />4. they - predicate nominative<br />5. you and me - direct object<br />6. us - direct object<br />7. its - possessive pronoun<br />8. yours - no apostrophes in possessive personal pronouns<br />9. ours - no apostrophes in possessive personal pronoun<br />10. Their - possessive pronoun<br /><br />Lesson 146 - Parts of the Sentence - Noun/Pronoun Review<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb (predicate - some grammar books use the word predicate, but I will use verb). When finding the subject and the verb in a sentence, always find the verb first and then say who or what followed by the verb.<br />A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. Predicate nominatives complete only linking verbs. That is such verbs as the helping verbs: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been; the sense verbs: look, taste, smell, feel, sound; and verbs like become, seem, appear, grow, continue, stay, turn.<br />A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. The verb is always an action verb. To find the direct object, say the subject and verb followed by whom or what. If nothing answers the question whom or what, you know that there is no direct object. The direct object must be a noun or pronoun. The predicate nominative or the direct object will never be in a prepositional phrase.<br />An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. It is set off by commas unless closely tied to the word that it identifies or renames. Appositives should not be confused with predicate nominatives. A verb will separate the subject from the predicate nominative. An appositive can follow any noun or pronoun including the subject, direct object or predicate nominative.<br />Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking. They are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas, may have modifiers, and are not related to the rest of the sentence grammatically. You can remove them and a complete sentence remains.<br />Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb. Intransitive verbs have no receiver of the action. They are classified as intransitive complete or intransitive linking. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. The man with an armful of presents tripped and fell.<br />2. Into the clearing staggered the wounded soldier.<br />3. The company president, Mr. Mabey, lost his temper.<br />4. Wilma, where did you put my book?<br />5. Shelley, Keats, and Byron are famous poets.<br />Answers<br />1. tripped / fell = verbs (ic), man = subject<br />2. staggered = verb (ic), soldier = subject<br />3. lost = verb (ta), president = subject, temper = direct object, Mr. Mabey = appositive (possibly noun of address)<br />4. did put = verb (ta), you = subject, book = direct object, Wilma = noun of address<br />5. are = verb (il), Shelley/Keats/Byron = subjects, poets = predicate nominative<br />Lesson 147 - Parts of the Sentence - Noun/Pronoun Review<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb. A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking.<br />Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. He signaled Rulon, his son-in-law in New Jersey, and informed him.<br />2. The alarm clock had been set in the evening.<br />3. Our special guest for tonight is Mr. McMillan, our honored mayor.<br />4. There will be a surprise present for the family.<br />5. A box of gold coins and precious jewels was recently found in our back yard.<br />Answers<br />1. signaled/informed = verbs (ta), he = subject, Rulon/him = direct objects, son-in-law = appositive<br />2. had been set = verb (tp), clock = subject<br />3. is = verb (il), guest = subject, Mr. McMillan = predicate nominative, mayor = appositive<br />4. will be = verb (ic), present = subject<br />5. was found = verb (tp), box = subject,<br />Lesson 148 - Parts of the Sentence - Noun/Pronoun Review<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb. A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking.<br />Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. Mr. Hoyle introduced the speaker, a famous French educator.<br />2. Please answer the door, Fred.<br />3. Phil Clintock should not have been elected President.<br />4. No one enters my territory without permission and lives.<br />5. The rehearsal has been changed, Jessica.<br />Answers<br />1. introduced = verb (ta), Mr. Hoyle = subject, speaker = direct object, educator = appositive<br />2. answer = verb (ta), you (understood) = subject, door = direct object, Fred = noun of address<br />3. should have been elected = verb (il), Bill Clintock = subject, President = predicate nominative<br />4. enters = verb (ta) / lives = verb (ic), no one = subject, territory = direct object<br />5. has been changed = verb (tp), rehearsal = subject, Jessica = noun of address<br />Lesson 149 - Parts of the Sentence - Noun/Pronoun Review<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb. A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking.<br />Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. Neither the electrician nor his assistant had the right parts.<br />2. On the golf course Jim hit two trees and a sand trap.<br />3. For most people, life is a struggle.<br />4. The bus driver could hardly see the edge of the road.<br />5. Barbara, two groups, they and we, stayed to the end.<br />Answers<br />1. had = verb (ta), electrician/assistant = subject, parts = direct object<br />2. hit = verb (ta), Jim = subject, trees/sand trap = direct objects<br />3. is = verb (il), life = subject, struggle = predicate nominative<br />4. could see = verb (ta), driver = subject, edge = direct object<br />5. stayed = verb (ic), groups = subject, they/we = appositives, Barbara = noun of address<br />Lesson 150- Parts of the Sentence - Noun/Pronoun Review<br />A simple sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and it must have a subject and a verb. A predicate nominative or predicate noun completes a linking verb and renames the subject. A direct object receives the action performed by the subject. An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. Nouns or nominatives of address are the persons or things to which you are speaking.<br />Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Intransitive linking are sentences with a predicate nominative or predicate adjective. Intransitive complete are all the verbs that don't fit one of the other kinds of transitive or intransitive verbs.<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. Eric and I were expecting someone, you.<br />2. She found them in New York, Colette.<br />3. Do you like her best, Justin?<br />4. The author might have been anyone.<br />5. Two people, you and he, must assist us in this effort.<br />Answers<br />1. were expecting = verb (ta), Eric/I = subject, someone = direct object, you = appositive<br />2. found = verb (ta), she = subject, them = direct object, Colette = noun of address<br />3. do like = verb (ta), you = subject, her = direct object, Justin = noun of address<br />4. might have been = verb (il), author = subject, anyone = predicate nominative<br />5. must assist = verb (ta), people = subject, us = direct object, you/he = appositives<br />Quiz - Lesson 146 -150 - Parts of the Sentence - Noun/Pronoun Review<br />Find the verbs, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, and nouns of address in these sentences and tell whether the verb is transitive active (ta), transitive passive (tp), intransitive linking (il), or intransitive complete (ic).<br />1. Curtis, has Jay found his lost keys?<br />2. There on the porch stood Badger, our lost dog.<br />3. Sunday, Ila, will be our anniversary.<br />4. Those two boys, Ivan and he, argue incessantly.<br />5. He needs more helpers, you and me.<br />6. Rebecca, why haven't you practiced your music?<br />7. Your car has been sold today, Todd.<br />8. In the plowed field some corn was planted.<br />9. Joe, my uncle, Al Brim, is a famous skater.<br />10. This matter should not be decided without much thought.<br />Answers<br />1. has found = verb (ta), Jay = subject, keys = direct object, Curtis = noun of address<br />2. stood = verb (ic), Badger = subject, dog = appositive<br />3. will be = verb (il), Sunday = subject, anniversary = predicate nominative, Ila = noun of address<br />4. argue = verb (ic), boys = subject, Ivan/he = appositives<br />5. needs = verb (ta), he = subject, helpers = direct object, you/me = appositives<br />6. have practiced = verb (ta), you = subject, music = direct object, Rebecca = noun of address<br />7. has been sold = verb (tp), car = subject, Todd = noun of address<br />8. was planted = verb (tp), corn = subject<br />9. is = verb (il), uncle = subject, skater = predicate nominative, Al Brim = appositive, Joe = noun of address<br />10. should be decided = verb (tp), matter = subject<br /><br />Lesson 151 - Parts of the Sentence - Adjectives<br />Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify. They come before the noun or pronoun they modify except for the predicate adjective which comes after a linking verb and modifies the subject.<br />There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives. They are the articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their. (The possessives are from the possessive pronoun list but are always used with nouns as adjectives.) Being only seven in number, one should memorize them so they are immediately recognized as adjectives.<br />Example of adjectives: The big brown bear grabbed the scared small man. The, big and brown modify the subject bear and the, scared and small modify the direct object man. Examples of a predicate adjective: The big bear is brown. The brown bear was big. Brown and big come after the linking verbs is and was and modify the subject bear.<br />Adjectives that point out which include that, this, those, these, and the articles a, an and the.<br />Find the adjectives that tell which in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. These first apples have been stepped on.<br />2. This money had been lost at the races.<br />3. That cat had those kittens.<br />4. A mouse can scare an elephant.<br />5. An answer will be found in the dictionary or a thesaurus.<br />Answers<br />1. these and first modify apples<br />2. this modifies money, the modifies races<br />3. that modifies cat, those modifies kittens<br />4. a modifies mouse, an modifies elephant<br />5. an modifies answer, the modifies dictionary, a modifies thesaurus<br />Lesson 152 - Parts of the Sentence - Adjectives<br />Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify. They come before the noun or pronoun they modify except for the predicate adjective which comes after a linking verb and modifies the subject.<br />There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives. They are the articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their. (The possessives are from the possessive pronoun list but are always used with nouns as adjectives.) Being only seven in number, one should memorize them so they are immediately recognized as adjectives.<br />Example of adjectives: The big brown bear grabbed the scared small man. The, big and brown modify the subject bear and the, scared and small modify the direct object man. Examples of a predicate adjective: The big bear is brown. The brown bear was big. Brown and big come after the linking verbs is and was and modify the subject bear.<br />Adjectives that point out what kind are most common and too numerous to list. Big, brown, scared, and small above are examples.<br />Find the adjectives that tell what kind in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. The tall man is a professional baseball player.<br />2. That lovely old lady wrote realistic short plays.<br />3. A loud and noisy group greeted the returned missionary.<br />4. The small but strong man helped the cute little girl.<br />5. A tall slender girl won the beauty contest.<br />Answers<br />1. tall modifies man, professional and baseball modify player<br />2. lovely and old modify lady, realistic and short modify plays<br />3. loud and noisy modify group, returned modifies missionary<br />4. small and strong modify man, cute and little modify girl<br />5. tall and slender modify girl, beauty modifies contest<br />Lesson 153 - Parts of the Sentence - Adjectives<br />Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify. They come before the noun or pronoun they modify except for the predicate adjective which comes after a linking verb and modifies the subject.<br />There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives. They are the articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their. (The possessives are from the possessive pronoun list but are always used with nouns as adjectives.) Being only seven in number, one should memorize them so they are immediately recognized as adjectives.<br />Example of adjectives: The big brown bear grabbed the scared small man. The, big and brown modify the subject bear and the, scared and small modify the direct object man. Examples of a predicate adjective: The big bear is brown. The brown bear was big. Brown and big come after the linking verbs is and was and modify the subject bear.<br />Adjectives used often that point out whose are possessive pronouns my, your, our, his, her, their, its and possessive nouns like Joe's, Pete's, etc.<br />Find the adjectives that tell whose in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. Badger's bark is my signal for food.<br />2. The sky's clouds are our shade trees.<br />3. Alaina's brother is also Pam's son.<br />4. Their hope was our arrival in time.<br />5. Her hair was a spider's web.<br />Answers<br />1. Badger's modifies bark, my modifies signal<br />2. sky's modifies clouds, our modifies trees<br />3. Alaina's modifies brother, Pam's modifies son<br />4. their modifies hope, our modifies arrival<br />5. her modifies hair, spider's modifies web<br />Lesson 154 - Parts of the Sentence - Adjectives<br />Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify. They come before the noun or pronoun they modify except for the predicate adjective which comes after a linking verb and modifies the subject.<br />There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives. They are the articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their. (The possessives are from the possessive pronoun list but are always used with nouns as adjectives.) Being only seven in number, one should memorize them so they are immediately recognized as adjectives.<br />Example of adjectives: The big brown bear grabbed the scared small man. The, big and brown modify the subject bear and the, scared and small modify the direct object man. Examples of a predicate adjective: The big bear is brown. The brown bear was big. Brown and big come after the linking verbs is and was and modify the subject bear.<br />Adjectives that point out how many are indefinite pronouns like many, several, both, and numbers.<br />Find the adjectives that tell how many in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. Both companies need twenty-four workers by tomorrow.<br />2. Several citizens protested the many cars on the two lots.<br />3. Seventy-six trombones led the few drummers and some tubas.<br />4. Three people tried out for one part in the play.<br />5. Each train needed another car and more passengers.<br />Answers<br />1. both modifies companies, twenty-four modifies workers<br />2. several modifies citizens, many modifies cars, two modifies lots<br />3. seventy-six modifies trombones, few modifies drummers, some modifies tubas<br />4. three modifies people, one modifies part<br />5. each modifies train, another modifies car, more modifies passengers<br />Lesson 155 - Parts of the Sentence - Adjectives<br />Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify. They come before the noun or pronoun they modify except for the predicate adjective which comes after a linking verb and modifies the subject.<br />There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives. They are the articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their. (The possessives are from the possessive pronoun list but are always used with nouns as adjectives.) Being only seven in number, one should memorize them so they are immediately recognized as adjectives.<br />Example of adjectives: The big brown bear grabbed the scared small man. The, big and brown modify the subject bear and the, scared and small modify the direct object man. Examples of a predicate adjective: The big bear is brown. The brown bear was big. Brown and big come after the linking verbs is and was and modify the subject bear.<br />Find the predicate adjectives in these sentences, tell what they modify, and what they tell us..<br />1. The performance was hilarious.<br />2. The two girls were tired and exhausted.<br />3. My father is old but strong.<br />4. This fish tastes too salty.<br />5. Has she been sick recently?<br />Answers<br />1. hilarious modifies the subject performance and tells what kind<br />2. tired/exhausted modify the subject girls and tell what kind<br />3. old/strong modify the subject father and tell what kind<br />4. salty modifies the subject fish and tells what kind<br />5. sick modifies the subject she and tells what kind<br />Quiz - Lessons 151 - 155 - Parts of the Sentence - Adjectives<br />Find all the adjectives in these sentences, tell what they modify, and what they tell.<br />1. Grandpa's low growl was a quick warning to us.<br />2. The largest spaceship in the world stood ready for launch.<br />3. His lost vision was still not clear.<br />4. Many young people feel uneasy before a crowd.<br />5. Pink and blue flowers bloomed in the neighbor's garden.<br />6. Several gray clouds blocked the radiant sunlight.<br />7. There were no visible signs of activity at the old mill.<br />8. Five little speckled eggs were seen in the bird's nest.<br />9. Mother planted those yellow and white irises.<br />10. Soft, cool breezes blew off the beautiful silver lake.<br />Answers<br />1. Grandpa's/whose, low/what kind modify growl, a/which, quick/what kind modify warning<br />2. the/which, largest/what kind modify spaceship, the/which modifies world,<br />3. his/whose, lost/what kind modify vision, clear/what kind (predicate adjective) modifies vision<br />4. many/how many, young/what kind modify people, uneasy/what kind (pred. adj.) modifies people, a/which modifies crowd<br />5. pink/what kind, blue/what kind modify flowers, the/which, neighbor's/whose modify garden<br />6. several/how many, gray/what kind modify clouds, the/which, radiant/what kind modify sunlight<br />7. no/how many, visible/what kind modify signs, the/which, old/what kind modify mill<br />8. five/how many, little/what kind, speckled/what kind modify eggs, the/which, bird's/whose modify nest<br />9. those/which, yellow/what kind, white/what kind modify irises<br />10. soft/what kind, cool/what kind modify breezes, the/which, beautiful/what kind, silver/what kind modify lake<br /><br />Lesson 156 - Parts of the Sentence - Review Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, and adjectives in the following sentences.<br />1. The two little boys wore their new suits.<br />2. Audrey, your new house has many beautiful features.<br />3. The howling wind frightened the small children.<br />4. That idea is brilliant, John.<br />5. George Washington, our first President, was also a great general.<br />Answers<br />1. wore = verb; boys = subject; suits = direct object; the, two, little, their, new = adjectives<br />2. has = verb; house = subject; features = direct object; Audrey = noun of address; your, new, many, beautiful = adjectives<br />3. frightened = verb; wind = subject; children = direct object; the, howling, the, small = adjectives<br />4. is = verb; idea = subject; John = noun of address; brilliant = predicate adjective; that = adjective<br />5. was = verb; George Washington = subject; general = predicate nominative; President = appositive; our, first, a, great = adjectives<br />Lesson 157 - Parts of the Sentence - Review Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, and adjectives in the following sentences.<br />1. The dog became noisy.<br />2. Are many women famous athletes?<br />3. Both girls have been enjoying their vacation, a trip to Disneyland.<br />4. These black shoes are my favorite ones.<br />5. Ann, did you see Chris's new camera?<br />Answers<br />1. became = verb; dog = subject; noisy = predicate adjective; the = adjective<br />2. are = verb; women = subject; athletes = predicate nominative; many, famous = adjectives<br />3. have been enjoying = verb; girls = subject; vacation = direct object; trip = appositive; both, their, a = adjectives<br />4. are = verb; shoes = subject; ones = predicate nominative; these, black, my, favorite = adjectives<br />5. did see = verb; you = subject; camera = direct object; Ann = noun of address; Chris's, new = adjectives<br />Lesson 158 - Parts of the Sentence - Review Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, and adjectives in the following sentences.<br />1. Will's injured arm has been hurting him again.<br />2. Jeff is always careless with his homework.<br />3. The startled and excited people began the long march to the park.<br />4. The short, fat, ugly horse was the last one in the corral.<br />5. Few explorers have accomplished their intended goals.<br />Answers<br />1. has been hurting = verb; arm = subject; him = direct object; Will's, injured = adjectives<br />2. is = verb; Jeff = subject; careless = predicate adjective; his = adjective<br />3. began = verb; people = subject; march = direct object; the, startled, excited, the, long, the = adjectives<br />4. was = verb; horse = subject; one = predicate nominative; the, short, fat, ugly, the, last, the = adjectives<br />5. have accomplished = verb; explorers = subject; goals = direct object; few, their, intended = adjectives<br />Lesson 159 - Parts of the Sentence - Review Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, and adjectives in the following sentences.<br />1. My Uncle Bill runs a large and spacious horse ranch.<br />2. Those small boys, Todd and Mark, have built many funny sand castles.<br />3. The basketball player appeared restless but ready for the game.<br />4. Claudia, this frightened child has lost his mother.<br />5. Your father seems very old and feeble now.<br />Answers<br />1. runs = verb; Uncle Bill = subject; ranch = direct object; my, a, large, spacious, horse = adjectives<br />2. have built = verb; boys = subject; castles = direct object; Todd/Mark = appositives; those, small, many, funny, sand = adjectives<br />3. appeared = verb; player = subject; restless/ready = predicate adjectives; the, basketball, the = adjectives<br />4. has lost = verb; child = subject; mother = direct object; Claudia = noun of address; this, frightened, his = adjectives<br />5. seems = verb; father = subject; old/feeble = predicate adjectives; your = adjective<br />Lesson 160 - Parts of the Sentence - Review Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, and adjectives in the following sentences.<br />1. The diamond is the hardest known mineral.<br />2. The best student in your class is my sister Marilyn.<br />3. Drink this lemonade and get some rest.<br />4. Paul, does Sarah like her new dress and skirt?<br />5. We have been collecting aluminum cans for many weeks.<br />Answers<br />1. is = verb; diamond = subject; mineral = predicate nominative; the, the, hardest, known = adjectives<br />2. is = verb; student = subject; sister = predicate nominative; Marilyn = appositive; the, best, your, my = adjectives<br />3. drink/get = verbs; you (understood) = subject; lemonade/rest = direct objects; this, some = adjectives<br />4. does like = verb; Sarah = subject; dress/skirt = direct objects; Paul = noun of address; her, new = adjectives<br />5. have been collecting = verb; we = subject; cans = direct object; aluminum, many = adjectives<br />Lessons 156 -160 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Review Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives<br />Find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, and adjectives in the following sentences.<br />1. Jay, we will need the electrician's help tomorrow.<br />2. That's right!<br />3. That attractive woman in the red dress and shoes is she.<br />4. Two of the most famous bridges are Rainbow Bridge and Natural Bridge.<br />5. Mars has become the probe graveyard.<br />6. Ila was wearing her Christmas presents, a pearl necklace and earrings.<br />7. The game was won in the last second, Boyd!<br />8. Go and bring in the newspaper, Grandpa.<br />9. I need a new suit, some shoes, and a fancy tie.<br />10. Your mother is whipping the cream for the pumpkin pie, your favorite dessert.<br />Answers<br />1. will need = verb; we = subject; help = direct object; Jay = noun of address; the, electrician's = adjectives<br />2. is ('s) = verb; that = subject; right = predicate adjective<br />3. is = verb; woman = subject; she = predicate nominative; that, attractive, the, red = adjectives<br />4. are = verb; Two = subject; Rainbow Bridge/Natural Bridge = predicate nominatives; the, famous = adjectives<br />5. has become = verb; Mars = subject; graveyard = predicate nominative; the, probe = adjectives<br />6. was wearing = verb; Ila = subject; presents = direct object; necklace/earrings = appositives; her, Christmas, a, pearl = adjectives<br />7. was won = verb; game = subject; Boyd = noun of address; the, the, last = adjectives<br />8. go/bring = verbs; you (understood) = subject; newspaper = direct object; Grandpa = noun of address; the = adjective<br />9. need = verb; I = subject; suit/shoes/tie = direct objects; a, new, some, a, fancy = adjectives<br />10. is whipping = verb; mother = subject; cream = direct object; dessert = appositive; your, the, the, pumpkin, your, favorite = adjectives<br /><br />Lesson 161 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify. They will all modify the verb.<br />1. Did you ever return the video?<br />2. He did not answer but just looked up sadly.<br />3. Now I surely know the answer.<br />4. He completely forgot about the video.<br />5. Lanie already returned it for you.<br />Answers<br />1. ever modifies did return<br />2. not modifies did answer, just/up/sadly modify looked<br />3. now/surely modify know<br />4. completely modifies forgot<br />5. already modifies returned<br />Lesson 162 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify. They will all modify an adjective.<br />1. An unusually intelligent group attended the lecture.<br />2. My wife has an exceptionally keen mind.<br />3. We have had a surprisingly small amount of snow.<br />4. The bus to Trax was very late.<br />5. The train car was completely full.<br />Answers<br />1. unusually modifies intelligent<br />2. exceptionally modifies keen<br />3. surprisingly modifies small<br />4. very modifies late<br />5. completely modifies full<br />Lesson 163 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs modifying other adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The announcer should speak less loudly.<br />2. You should do much better.<br />3. People shouldn't change their jobs too often.<br />4. Very slowly the car started down the hill.<br />5. The contestant answered the question rather uncertainly.<br />Answers<br />1. less modifies loudly<br />2. much modifies better<br />3. too modifies often<br />4. very modifies slowly<br />5. rather modifies uncertainly<br />Lesson 164 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Adverbial objectives or adverbial nouns are nouns used as adverbs. They usually tell amount, weight, time, distance, direction or value. They can have adjectives modifying them. Example: He waited two days.<br />Find the adverbial nouns in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. Yesterday Jim came home.<br />2. Tomorrow I will walk a mile.<br />3. The boulder landed three feet from me.<br />4. Will works mornings and nights.<br />5. This package cost five dollars.<br />Answers<br />1. yesterday/home modify the verb came<br />2. tomorrow/mile modify the verb will walk<br />3. feet modifies the verb landed<br />4. mornings/nights modify the verb works<br />5. dollars modifies the verb cost<br />Lesson 165 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. This suitcase weighs a ton.<br />2. The grandchildren happily swung back and forth in the swing.<br />3. The climber edged slowly and carefully along the ledge.<br />4. He is a rather bashful person.<br />5. Every afternoon the baby cries very forcefully for food.<br />Answers<br />1. ton modifies the verb weighs<br />2. happily/back/forth modify the verb swung<br />3. slowly/carefully modify the verb edged<br />4. rather modifies the adjective bashful<br />5. afternoon/forcefully modify the verb cries, very modifies the adverb forcefully<br />Lesson 161-165 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The pancakes are almost ready.<br />2. The student answered the teacher nervously but clearly.<br />3. The tour will leave early today.<br />4. I am still unusually tired by afternoon.<br />5. The stranded hiker quietly gave up the chance of rescue.<br />6. Yesterday our fullback fumbled twice in the game.<br />7. Why couldn't you blow out your candles?<br />8. My little brother almost always eats the most at dinner.<br />9. Haven't you ridden your new motor bike yet?<br />10. Your essay was written very neatly and legibly.<br />Answers<br />1. almost modifies the adjective ready<br />2. nervously/clearly modify the verb answered<br />3. early/today modify the verb will leave<br />4. still modifies the verb am, unusually modifies the adjective tired<br />5. quietly/up modify the verb gave<br />6. yesterday/twice modify the verb fumbled<br />7. why/n't/out modify the verb could blow<br />8. always modifies the verb eats, almost modifies the adverb always<br />9. n't/yet modify the verb have ridden<br />10. neatly/legibly modify the verb was written, very modifies the adverb neatly (possibly legibly also)<br /><br />Lesson 166 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The student angrily left the room.<br />2. Carefully Barbara backed the car from the driveway.<br />3. That family works well together.<br />4. Slowly but boldly the soldiers approached the fortress.<br />5. The organization unanimously voted to assist in the effort.<br />Answers<br />1. angrily modifies the verb left telling how<br />2. carefully modifies the verb backed telling how<br />3. well/together modify the verb works both telling how<br />4. slowly/boldly modify the verb approached telling how<br />5. unanimously modifies the verb voted telling how<br />Lesson 167 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. Now and then I become creative.<br />2. Soon you will see that sight again.<br />3. He made the corrections on the computer immediately.<br />4. Sometimes you make unnecessary statements.<br />5. Lately I take walks often.<br />Answers<br />1. now/then modify the verb become telling when<br />2. soon/again modify the verb will see telling when<br />3. immediately modifies the verb made telling when<br />4. sometimes modifies the verb make telling when<br />5. lately/often modify the verb take telling when<br />Lesson 168 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. Do you live here?<br />2. Should we play inside or outside?<br />3. Where is your coat, young man?<br />4. From the sound the bears must be nearby.<br />5. There he goes.<br />Answers<br />1. here modifies the verb do live telling where<br />2. inside/outside modify the verb should play telling where<br />3. where modifies the verb is telling where<br />4. nearby modifies the verb must be telling where<br />5. there modifies the verb goes telling where<br />Lesson 169 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. I am too tired to play.<br />2. I am very sorry about your extremely sore leg.<br />3. The storm was almost completely over at noon.<br />4. You look so much better.<br />5. Your father looks rather feeble.<br />Answers<br />1. too modifies the predicate adjective tired telling how much<br />2. very modifies the predicate adjective sorry telling how much, extremely modifies the adjective sore telling how much<br />3. almost modifies the adverb completely telling how much, completely modifies the predicate adjective over telling how much<br />4. so modifies the adverb much telling how much, much modifies the predicate adjective better telling how much<br />5. rather modifies the predicate adjective feeble telling how much<br />Lesson 170 - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs, (2) adjectives, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree), and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how, when, where, and why always modify the verb. These adverbs can shift location in the sentence without changing meaning or what they modify. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs that tell how much will come just before the adjectives or adverbs that they modify. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the words they modify. Examples: He kicked the ball solidly. (how); He kicked the ball immediately. (when); He kicked the ball forward. (where); He kicked the ball too hard. (how much).<br />Not and its contraction n't are adverbs. They really modify the entire sentence, but we will have them modify the verb as it is the most important word in the sentence. This is a common practice in grammar books.<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The completely exhausted boater was quickly pulled aboard.<br />2. The manager has called me once or twice about policy.<br />3. Usually these antibiotics work rather slowly.<br />4. The Christmas decorations surely weren't very expensive.<br />5. Harry greedily had too much candy.<br />Answers<br />1. completely modifies the adjective exhausted telling how much, quickly modifies the verb was pulled telling how, aboard modifies the verb was pulled telling where<br />2. once/twice modify the verb has called telling when<br />3. usually/slowly modify the verb work telling how, rather modifies the adverb slowly telling how much<br />4. surely/n't modify the verb were telling how, very modifies the predicate adjective expensive telling how much<br />5. greedily modifies the verb had telling how, too modifies the adjective much telling how much<br />Lesson 166-170 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Adverbs<br />Find the adverbs in the following sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. You are almost always the leader.<br />2. Please turn around slowly, Ted.<br />3. Now we will try this totally complicated case.<br />4. Again and again he had been warned about the very extreme weather.<br />5. Certainly he looks decidedly older in that somewhat dim light.<br />6. The missing document reappeared suddenly and rather mysteriously.<br />7. I will never come here again.<br />8. Pavarotti sings very well.<br />9. Today you surely will tell a totally truthful story.<br />10. Almost every answer has been quickly and assuredly given.<br />Answers<br />1. almost modifies the adverb always telling how much, always modifies the verb are telling when<br />2. please/around/slowly modify the verb turn telling how<br />3. now modifies the verb will try telling when, totally modifies the adjective complicated telling how much<br />4. again/again modify the verb had been warned telling when, very modifies the adjective extreme telling how much<br />5. certainly modifies the verb looks telling how, decidedly modifies the adjective older telling how much, somewhat modifies the adjective dim telling how much<br />6. suddenly/mysteriously modify the verb reappeared telling how, rather modifies the adverb mysteriously telling how much<br />7. never/again modify the verb will come telling when, here modifies the verb will come telling where<br />8, well modifies the verb sings telling how, very modifies the adverb well telling how much<br />9. today modifies the verb will tell telling when, surely modifies the verb will tell telling how, totally modifies the adjective truthful telling how much<br />10. quickly/assuredly modify the verb has been given telling how, almost modifies the adjective every telling how much<br /><br />Lesson 171 - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, identify the words in bold as a verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, or adverb in the following sentences.<br />1. Did you see the oil well in Canada? Most of us have not been there.<br />2. I do my assignments well. Jeff is also fast and efficient.<br />3. Mother drives too fast. Surely she should drive better.<br />4. This isn't a long diet. Maybe you should fast more often.<br />5. Have you been here long? Did you come by the back way?<br />6. I often long for the good old days of the '50's.<br />7. State Street heads south, the most direct route.<br />8. Citizens, on most summer days we have a south wind each evening.<br />9. I once lived in the South. Our family still goes back for visits.<br />10. This highway is a better road than the dirt one.<br />Answers<br />1. well = noun, most = pronoun<br />2. well = adverb. fast = adjective<br />3. fast = adverb, better = adverb<br />4. this = pronoun, long = adjective, fast = verb<br />5. long = adverb, back = adjective<br />6. long = verb<br />7. south = adverb, most = adverb<br />8. most = adjective, south = adjective<br />9. South = noun, back = adverb<br />10. this = adjective, better = adjective<br />Lesson 172 - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences.<br />1. Jerry, I arrived back just now.<br />2. This building has never seemed especially high before.<br />3. Today we ate an extremely good grapefruit, our breakfast.<br />4. A raccoon was busily washing its food.<br />5. The winding path had become somewhat steep and slightly uneven.<br />Answers<br />1. arrived = verb; I = subject; Jerry = noun of address; back/now = adverbs modifying the verb; just = adverb modifying adverb now<br />2. has seemed = verb; building = subject; high = predicate adjective modifying subject; this = adjective modifying subject, never/before = adverb modifying verb; especially = adverb modifying adjective high<br />3. ate = verb; we = subject; grapefruit = direct object; breakfast = appositive; an/good = adjectives modifying grapefruit; our = adjective modifying breakfast; today = adverb modifying verb; extremely = adverb modifying adjective good<br />4. was washing = verb; raccoon = subject; food = direct object; a = adjective modifying raccoon; its = adjective modifying food; busily = adverb modifying verb<br />5. had become = verb; path = subject; steep/uneven = predicate adjectives modifying subject; the/winding = adjectives modifying path; somewhat = adverb modifying predicate adjective steep; slightly = adverb modifying predicate adjective uneven<br />Lesson 173 - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences.<br />1. Ila and I diligently prepared the garden and planted carefully the corn seeds.<br />2. The legislators are heatedly debating the gun issue.<br />3. Have you ever seen that beautiful butterfly bush?<br />4. Eric looked around rather hastily and ran away quickly.<br />5. Suddenly the siren sounded loudly and sharply.<br />Answers<br />1. prepared/planted = verbs; Ila/I = subjects; garden = direct object to verb prepared; seeds = direct object to verb planted; the = adjective modifying garden; the/corn = adjectives modifying seeds; diligently = adverb modifying prepared; carefully = adverb modifying planted<br />2. are debating = verb; legislators = subject; issue = direct object; the = adjective modifying legislators; the/gun = adjectives modifying issue; heatedly = adverb modifying verb<br />3. have seen = verb; you = subject; bush = direct object; that/beautiful/butterfly = adjectives modifying bush; ever = adverb modifying verb<br />4. looked/ran = verbs; Eric = subject; around/hastily = adverbs modifying looked; rather = adverb modifying hastily; away/quickly = adverbs modifying ran<br />5. sounded = verb; siren = subject; the = adjective modifying siren; suddenly/loudly/sharply = adverbs modifying sounded<br />Lesson 174 - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences.<br />1. The small children stumbled clumsily and tumbled down.<br />2. Shortly the weather could be bitterly cold again.<br />3. Wait here patiently and remain perfectly silent.<br />4. The chipmunk darted in quickly and instantly grabbed the fallen acorn.<br />5. The new friend was the tall, handsome boy.<br />Answers<br />1. stumbled/tumbled = verbs; children = subject; the/small = adjectives modifying children; clumsily = adverb modifying stumbled; down = adverb modifying tumbled<br />2. could be = verb; weather = subject; cold = predicate adjective; shortly/again = adverbs modifying verb; bitterly = adverb modifying cold; the = adjective modifying subject<br />3. wait/remain = verbs; you (understood) = subject; silent = predicate adjective to verb remain; here/patiently = adverbs modifying wait; perfectly = adverb modifying silent<br />4. darted/grabbed = verbs; chipmunk = subject; acorn = direct object to verb grabbed; the = adjective modifying chipmunk; the/fallen = adjectives modifying acorn; in/quickly = adverbs modifying darted; instantly = adverb modifying grabbed<br />5. was = verb; friend = subject; boy = predicate nominative; the/new = adjective modifying friend; the/tall/handsome = adjectives modifying boy<br />Lesson 175 - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences.<br />1. My friend called me once or twice yesterday.<br />2. Pam left the market slowly and very unhappily.<br />3. Collette, did you just have your sixth birthday?<br />4. Happy children never become really unhappy grownups.<br />5. Have you taken often that trip, an Alaskan cruise?<br />Answers<br />1. called = verb; friend = subject; me = direct object; my = adjective modifying friend; once/twice/yesterday = adverbs modifying verb<br />2. left = verb; Pam = subject; market = direct object; the = adjective modifying market; slowly/unhappily = adverbs modifying verb; very = adverb modifying unhappily<br />3. did have = verb; you = subject; Collette = noun of address; birthday = direct object; your/sixth = adjectives modifying birthday; just = adverb modifying verb<br />4. become = verb; children = subject; grownups = predicate nominative; happy = adjective modifying subject; unhappy = adjective modifying grownups; never = adverb modifying verb; really = adverb modifying unhappy<br />5. have taken = verb; you = subject; trip = direct object; cruise = appositive; that = adjective modifying trip; an/Alaskan = adjectives modifying cruise; often = adverb modifying verb<br />Lessons 171 - 175 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences.<br />1. Soon John will be too big and will need far more time.<br />2. The city council usually runs this city fairly efficiently.<br />3. Unfortunately all people are not free.<br />4. The boat owner started the engine up and cast off the lines.<br />5. Mom, can I go and watch the game?<br />6. How can you be so slovenly?<br />7. Yogurt is almost completely nonfattening.<br />8. Mrs. Carter, that is my cousin David.<br />9. Art Buchwald, a humorous writer, has a really good column.<br />10. Did anyone call, Ann?<br />Answers<br />1. will be/will need = verbs; John = subject; big = predicate adjective; time = direct object; more = adjective modifying time; far = adverb modifying more; too = adverb modifying big; soon = adverb modifying both verbs<br />2. runs = verbs; city council = subject; city = direct object; the = adjective modifying subject; this = adjective modifying city; usually/ efficiently = adverbs modifying verb; fairly = adverb modifying efficiently<br />3. are = verb; people = subject; free = predicate adjective; all = adjective modifying subject; unfortunately/not = adverbs modifying verb<br />4. started/cast = verbs; owner = subject; engine = direct object to verb started; lines = direct object to verb cast; the/boat = adjectives modifying owner; the = adjective modifying engine; the = adjective modifying lines; up = adverb modifying started; off = adverb modifying cast<br />5. can go/(can) watch = verbs; I = subject; game = direct object to verb (can) watch; Mom = noun of address; the = adjective modifying game<br />6. can be = verb; you = subject; slovenly = predicate adjective modifying verb; how = adverb modifying verb; so = adverb modifying slovenly<br />7. is = verb; yogurt = subject; nonfattening = predicate adjective modifying subject; completely = adverb modifying nonfattening; almost = adverb modifying completely<br />8. is = verb; that = subject; cousin = predicate nominative; David = appositive; Mrs. Carter = noun of address; my = adjective modifying cousin<br />9. has = verb; Art Buchwald = subject; column = direct object; writer = appositive; a/humorous = adjectives modifying writer; a/good = adjectives modifying column; really = adverb modifying good<br />10. did call = verb; anyone = subject; Ann = noun of address<br /><br />Lesson 176 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A preposition is a word that begins a prepositional phrase and shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. A preposition must always have an object. A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, ends with an object, and may have modifiers between the preposition and object of the preposition.<br />Here is a list of common words that can be used as prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (when it means except), by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within, and without.<br />These words can be used as other parts of speech. What part of speech it is depends on how it is used in that sentence. Many of the common words used as prepositions can be used as adverbs. They are prepositions if they have an object to complete them. To decide which it is, say the preposition followed by whom or what. If a noun or a pronoun answers the question, the word is a preposition.<br />Example: The boy stood up and ran down the street. Up what? There is no object; therefore up is not a preposition. Down what? Street answers the question; therefore, down is a preposition. Down the street is the prepositional phrase starting with the preposition down and ending with the object street with a modifier the in between.<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective prepositional phrases together, one will follow the other. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.<br />Pick out the adjective prepositional phrases in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. Do you remember the title of the new book about morals?<br />2. Our work on the planning commission covers all kinds of ideas and concepts.<br />3. Those immense houses on the west side of town were built recently.<br />4. The man in the next room is the mayor.<br />5. Few of the citizens had ever seen that plan.<br />Answers<br />1. of the new book modifies "title"/ about morals modifies "book"<br />2. on the planning commission modifies "work"/ of ideas and concepts modifies "kinds"<br />3. on the west side modifies "houses"/ of town modifies "side"<br />4. in the next room modifies "man"<br />5. of the citizens modifies "few"<br />Lesson 177 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A preposition is a word that begins a prepositional phrase and shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. A preposition must always have an object. A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, ends with an object, and may have modifiers between the preposition and object of the preposition.<br />Here is a list of common words that can be used as prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (when it means except), by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within, and without.<br />These words can be used as other parts of speech. What part of speech it is depends on how it is used in that sentence. Many of the common words used as prepositions can be used as adverbs. They are prepositions if they have an object to complete them. To decide which it is, say the preposition followed by whom or what. If a noun or a pronoun answers the question, the word is a preposition.<br />Example: The boy stood up and ran down the street. Up what? There is no object; therefore up is not a preposition. Down what? Street answers the question; therefore, down is a preposition. Down the street is the prepositional phrase starting with the preposition down and ending with the object street with a modifier the in between.<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective prepositional phrases together, one will follow the other. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.<br />Pick out the adjective prepositional phrases in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. The book on the table in the English classroom is Barbara's book.<br />2. The girl in the neighboring house plays the flute every night.<br />3. Large blocks of the hardest granite formed the walls of the new building.<br />4. The roads of ancient Rome connected the cities of the empire.<br />5. I know that man in the gray suit and the suede shoes.<br />Answers<br />1. on the table modifies "book"/ in the English classroom modifies "table"<br />2. in the neighboring house modifies "girl"<br />3. of the hardest granite modifies "blocks"/ of the new building modifies "walls"<br />4. of ancient Rome modifies "roads"/ of the empire modifies "cities"<br />5. in the gray suit and the suede shoes modifies "man"<br />Lesson 178 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A preposition is a word that begins a prepositional phrase and shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. A preposition must always have an object. A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, ends with an object, and may have modifiers between the preposition and object of the preposition.<br />Here is a list of common words that can be used as prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (when it means except), by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within, and without.<br />These words can be used as other parts of speech. What part of speech it is depends on how it is used in that sentence. Many of the common words used as prepositions can be used as adverbs. They are prepositions if they have an object to complete them. To decide which it is, say the preposition followed by whom or what. If a noun or a pronoun answers the question, the word is a preposition.<br />Example: The boy stood up and ran down the street. Up what? There is no object; therefore up is not a preposition. Down what? Street answers the question; therefore, down is a preposition. Down the street is the prepositional phrase starting with the preposition down and ending with the object street with a modifier the in between.<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.<br />Pick out the adverb prepositional phrases in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. The boys jumped quickly over the wall.<br />2. The old dog is troublesome in many ways.<br />3. The pirate map was hidden underneath a big rock.<br />4. The family was waiting for us at the rest stop.<br />5. In the morning I will come for the plans.<br />Answers<br />1. over the wall modifies the verb "jumped"<br />2. in many ways modifies the predicate adjective "troublesome"<br />3. underneath a big rock modifies the verb "was hidden"<br />4. for us/ at the rest stop modify the verb "was waiting"<br />5. in the morning/ for the plans modify the verb "will come"<br />Lesson 179 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A preposition is a word that begins a prepositional phrase and shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. A preposition must always have an object. A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, ends with an object, and may have modifiers between the preposition and object of the preposition.<br />Here is a list of common words that can be used as prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (when it means except), by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within, and without.<br />These words can be used as other parts of speech. What part of speech it is depends on how it is used in that sentence. Many of the common words used as prepositions can be used as adverbs. They are prepositions if they have an object to complete them. To decide which it is, say the preposition followed by whom or what. If a noun or a pronoun answers the question, the word is a preposition.<br />Example: The boy stood up and ran down the street. Up what? There is no object; therefore up is not a preposition. Down what? Street answers the question; therefore, down is a preposition. Down the street is the prepositional phrase starting with the preposition down and ending with the object street with a modifier the in between.<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.<br />Pick out the adverb prepositional phrases in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. We are proud of the Jazz team and of their record.<br />2. The dark shadows stretched across the road and the park.<br />3. On the hill stands an old castle.<br />4. The employee came for his money.<br />5. Bill walked down the trail during the rain storm.<br />Answers<br />1. of the Jazz team / of their record modify the predicate adjective "proud"<br />2. across the road and the park modifies the verb "stretched"<br />3. on the hill modifies the verb "stands"<br />4. for his money modifies the verb "came"<br />5. down the trail / during the rain storm modify the verb "walked"<br />Lesson 180 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A preposition is a word that begins a prepositional phrase and shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. A preposition must always have an object. A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, ends with an object, and may have modifiers between the preposition and object of the preposition.<br />Here is a list of common words that can be used as prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (when it means except), by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within, and without.<br />These words can be used as other parts of speech. What part of speech it is depends on how it is used in that sentence. Many of the common words used as prepositions can be used as adverbs. They are prepositions if they have an object to complete them. To decide which it is, say the preposition followed by whom or what. If a noun or a pronoun answers the question, the word is a preposition.<br />Example: The boy stood up and ran down the street. Up what? There is no object; therefore up is not a preposition. Down what? Street answers the question; therefore, down is a preposition. Down the street is the prepositional phrase starting with the preposition down and ending with the object street with a modifier the in between.<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will follow the other. A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.<br />Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. A number of javalinas appeared at the edge of the forest.<br />2. In the cage we saw a huge jaguar from the jungles of Brazil.<br />3. Everyone in the class finished the test at the same time.<br />4. The children were awakened by a sudden clap of loud thunder.<br />5. You can go to the Jazz game with us.<br />Answers<br />1. of javalinas modifies the subject "number"/ at the edge modifies the verb "appeared"/ of the forest modifies the object of the preposition "edge"<br />2. in on cage modifies the verb "saw"/ from the jungles modifies the direct object "jaguar"/ of Brazil modifies the object of the preposition "jungles"<br />3. in the class modifies the subject "everyone"/ at the same time modifies the verb "finished"<br />4. by a sudden clap modifies the verb "were awakened"/ of loud thunder modifies the object of the preposition "clap"<br />5. to the Jazz game/ with us modify the verb "can go"<br />Lessons 176 - 180 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will follow the other. A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.<br />Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. A tree with sharp thorns grew beside the wall.<br />2. The airplane soared above the people on the field.<br />3. My uncle, the owner of the ranch, rode his horse past the house.<br />4. We followed the cougar by its tracks in the snow.<br />5. The bear tumbled over the fence and into some bushes.<br />6. Tons of wreckage were left after the tornado.<br />7. The highway wound over a hill and through a beautiful valley.<br />Answers<br />1. with sharp thorns modifies "tree"/ beside the wall modifies "grew"<br />2. above the people modifies "soared"/ on the field modifies "people"<br />3. of the ranch modifies "owner"/ past the house modifies "rode"<br />4. by its tracks modifies "followed"/ in the snow modifies either "tracks"(telling which tracks) or "followed" (telling where we followed it)<br />5. over the fence / into some bushes modify "tumbled"<br />6. of wreckage modifies "tons"/ after the tornado modifies "were left"<br />7. over a hill / through a beautiful valley modify "wound"<br /><br />Lesson 181 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will follow the other. A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.<br />Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.<br />1. The boys searched the beach for sand dollars.<br />2. The grass behind the house and near the fence is dying.<br />3. A deep ditch was dug near the boundary of the factory.<br />4. A pretty girl with brown hair and eyes sat near me at the banquet.<br />5. The three contestants listened carefully to each question.<br />Answers<br />1. for sand dollars modifies "searched" telling why<br />2. behind the house / near the fence modify "grass" telling which<br />3. near the boundary modifies "was dug" telling where / of the factory modifies "boundary" telling which<br />4. with brown hair and eyes modifies "girl" telling what kind / near me / at the banquet modify "sat" telling where<br />5. to each question modifies "listened" telling how<br />Lesson 182 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will follow the other. A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.<br />Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.<br />1. The early settlers were very careless of our forests.<br />2. We divided the candy among the children at the party.<br />3. I still live in that stucco house in the next block.<br />4. The rooms of the house were dark and dreary.<br />5. The sound of whispers came to us through the window.<br />Answers<br />1. of our forests modifies "careless" telling how<br />2. among the children modifies "divided" telling how / at the party modifies either "children" telling which or "divided" telling where<br />3. in that stucco house modifies "live" telling where / in the next block modifies "house" telling which<br />4. of the house modifies "rooms" telling which<br />5. of whispers modifies "sound" telling what kind / to us modifies "came" telling where / through the window modifies "came" telling how<br />Lesson 183 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will follow the other. A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase. Notice that some prepositional phrases may be adverbs or adjectives because of their location in the sentence.<br />Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.<br />1. The real owner of the property is not available for comment.<br />2. I have no time for your excuses or delays.<br />3. The manager came for the answer.<br />4. In this century we are preserving our forests.<br />5. You will always be one of my best friends.<br />Answers<br />1. of the property modifies "owner" telling which / for comment modifies "available" telling how<br />2. for your excuses or delays modifies "time" telling what kind<br />3. for the answer modifies "came" telling why<br />4. in this century modifies "are preserving" telling when<br />5. of my best friends modifies "one" telling which<br />Lesson 184 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will follow the other. A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase. Notice that some prepositional phrases may be adverbs or adjectives because of their location in the sentence.<br />Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.<br />1. Do you have a reason for your absence from class?<br />2. The veterans from the war in Spain remained loyal.<br />3. The class was delighted by the outcome of the story.<br />4. Dozens of stories about heroes are in the school library.<br />5. In the afternoon Henrietta went to the library.<br />Answers<br />1. for your absence modifies "reason" telling what kind / from class modifies "absence" telling which<br />2. from the war modifies "veterans" telling which / in Spain modifies "war" telling which<br />3. by the outcome modifies "was delighted" telling how or why / of the story modifies "outcome" telling which<br />4. of stories modifies "dozens" telling what kind / about heroes modifies "stories" telling what kind / in the school library modifies "are" telling where<br />5. in the afternoon modifies "went" telling when / to the library modifies "went" telling where<br />Lesson 185 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will follow the other. A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase. Notice that some prepositional phrases may be adverbs or adjectives because of their location in the sentence.<br />Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.<br />1. Yesterday many people in Alaska suffered from the heat.<br />2. During the morning the family drove through the lovely mountains.<br />3. At noon we ate our lunch at the summit with great excitement.<br />4. Later our friends and we strolled down the wooded path.<br />5. The giant hole in the mountain is an unusual monument of our past.<br />Answers<br />1. in Alaska modifies "people" telling which / from the heat modifies "suffered" telling how<br />2. during the morning modifies "drove" telling when / through the lovely mountains modifies "drove" telling where<br />3. at noon modifies "ate" telling when / at the summit modifies "ate" telling where / with great excitement modifies "ate" telling how<br />4. down the wooded path modifies "strolled" telling where<br />5. in the mountain modifies "hole" telling what kind or which / of our past modifies "monument" telling what kind<br />Lessons 181 - 185 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases<br />A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will follow the other. A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase. Notice that some prepositional phrases may be adverbs or adjectives because of their location in the sentence.<br />Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.<br />1. The librarian took from her desk a new edition of one of the classics.<br />2. It was placed in the display case in the corner of the library.<br />3. Many books of mysteries and detective stories are found in the library.<br />4. One story about magic appears in our literature book.<br />5. This story contains clues to the solution of the mystery.<br />6. I have read many stories by Arthur Conan Doyle about Sherlock Holmes.<br />7. A wall of ancient Pompeii was discovered accidentally by an ordinary peasant.<br />Answers<br />1. from her desk modifies "took" telling where / of one modifies "edition" telling which / of the classics modifies "one" telling what kind<br />2. in the display case modifies "was placed" telling where / in the corner modifies "case" telling which / of the library modifies "corner" telling which<br />3. of mysteries and detective stories modifies "books" telling what kind / in the library modifies "are found" telling where<br />4. about magic modifies "story" telling what kind / in our literature book modifies "appears" telling where<br />5. to the solution modifies "clues" telling which / of the mystery modifies "solution" telling which<br />6. by Arthur Conan Doyle modifies "stories" telling which / about Sherlock Holmes modifies "stories" telling what kind<br />7. of ancient Pompeii modifies "wall" telling which / by an ordinary peasant modifies "was discovered" telling how<br /><br />Lesson 186 - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs/Prepositions<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), and prepositional phrases (p ph) in the following sentences.<br />1. We are proud of our family and of their effort.<br />2. The dark colors from the accident stained everything by the road.<br />3. The teacher grabbed from her desk a new test for one of the students.<br />4. Into the police station staggered the wounded man.<br />5. The president of the company, Mr. Wright, is never wrong.<br />Answers<br />1. are = verb; we = subject; proud = predicate adjective; of our family/of their effort = prep phrases modifying proud; of/of = prepositions; family/effort = object of the preposition; our = adj. modifying family; their = adj. modifying effort<br />2. stained = verb; colors = subject; everything = direct object; the/dark = adj. modifying colors; from the accident modifying colors/by the road modifying everything = prep phrases; from/ by = prepositions; accident/road = objects of preposition; the = adj. modifying accident; the = adj. modifying road<br />3. grabbed = verb; teacher = subject; test = direct object; the = adj. modifying teacher; a/new = adj. modifying test; from her desk modifying grabbed/for one modifying grabbed/of the students modifying one = prep phrases; from/for/of = prepositions; desk/one/students = object of preposition; her = adj. modifying desk; the = adj. modifying students<br />4. staggered = verb; man = subject; the/wounded = adj. modifying man; into the police station = prep phrase modifying staggered; into = preposition; station = object of preposition; the/police = adj. modifying station<br />5. is = verb; president = subject; Mr. Wright = appositive; wrong = predicate adjective; the = adj. modifying president; never = adv. modifying is; of the company = prep phrase modifying president; of = preposition; company = object of preposition; the = adj. modifying company<br />Lesson 187 - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs/Prepositions<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), and prepositional phrases (p ph) in the following sentences.<br />1. The man with his boxes of candy stumbled and collapsed.<br />2. The necklace was placed in the display case in the window of the jewelry store.<br />3. Those immense factories on the southwest side are changing our city.<br />4. The man in the first car is the new governor.<br />5. Many of the citizens had hated the plan from the beginning.<br />Answers<br />1. stumbled/collapsed = v; man = subj; the = adj. modifying man; with his boxes modifying man/of candy modifying boxes = p ph; with/of = prep; boxes/candy = op; his = adj. modifying boxes<br />2. was placed = v; necklace = subj; the = adj. modifying necklace; in the display case modifying was placed/in the window modifying case/of the jewelry store modifying window = p ph; in/in/of = prep; case/window/store = op; the/display = adj. modifying case; the = adj. modifying window; the/jewelry = adj. modifying store<br />3. are changing = v; factories = subj; city = do; those/immense = adj. modifying factories; our = adj. modifying city; on the southwest side = p ph modifying factories; on = prep; side = op; the/southwest = adj. modifying side<br />4. is = v; man = subj; governor = pn; the = adj modifying man; the/new = adj modifying governor; in the first car = p ph modifying man; in = prep; car = op; the/first = adj modifying car<br />5. had hated = v; many = subj; plan = do; the = adj modifying plan; of the citizens modifying many/from the beginning modifying had hated = p ph; of/from = prep; citizens/beginning = op; the = adj modifying citizens; the = adj modifying beginning<br />Lesson 188 - Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs/Prepositions<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), and prepositional phrases (p ph) in the following sentences.<br />1. The defendant's lawyer was not available for comment.<br />2. Sherry, where have you placed my book of jokes?<br />3. I still live in that wood house near the railroad tracks.<br />4. The rooms of the office were old and musty.<br />5. I love everything about your idea for a party.<br />Answers<br />1. was = v; lawyer = subj; available = pa; the/defendant's = adj modifying lawyer; not = adv modifying was; for comment = p ph modifying available; for = prep; comment = op<br />2. have placed = v; you = subj; book = do; Sherry = na; my = adj modifying book; where = adv modifying have placed; of jokes = p ph modifying book; of = prep; jokes = op<br />3. live = v; I = subj; still = adv modifying live; in that wood house modifying live/near the railroad tracks modifying house = p ph; in/near = prep; house/tracks = op; that/wood = adj modifying house; the/railroad =adj modifying tracks<br />4. were = v; rooms = subj; old/musty = pa; the = adj modifying rooms; of the office = p ph modifying rooms; of = prep; office = op; the = adj modifying office<br />5. love = v; I = subj; everything = do; about you idea modifying everything/for a party modifying idea = p ph; about/for = prep; idea/party = op; your = adj modifying idea; a = adj modifying party<br />Lesson 189- Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs/Prepositions<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), and prepositional phrases (p ph) in the following sentences.<br />1. A building in ancient Rome was destroyed accidentally by an old buried bomb.<br />2. The welcomed blue shadows stretched across the road and the park.<br />3. On a hill in Hawaii stands an old bunker.<br />4. Bill walked along the ridge of the mountain during the snow storm.<br />5. This down pillow like a foam one is really soft.<br />Answers<br />1. was destroyed = v; building = subj; a = adj modifying building; accidentally = adv modifying was destroyed; in ancient Rome modifying building/by an old buried bomb modifying was destroyed = p ph; in/by = prep; Rome/bomb = op; ancient = adj modifying Rome; an/old/buried = adj modifying bomb<br />2. stretched = v; shadows = subj; the/welcomed/blue = adj modifying shadows; across the road and the park = p ph modifying stretched; across = prep; road/park = op; the = adj modifying road; the = adj modifying park<br />3. stands = v; bunker = subj; an/old = adj modifying bunker; on a hill modifying stands/in Hawaii modifying hill = p ph; on/in = prep; hill/Hawaii = op; a = adj modifying hill<br />4. walked = v; Bill = subj; along the ridge modifying walked/of the mountain modifying ridge/during the snow storm modifying walked = p ph; along/of/during = prep; ridge/mountain/storm = op; the = adj modifying ridge; the = adj modifying mountain; the/snow = adj modifying storm<br />5. is = v; pillow = subj; soft = pa; this/down = adj modifying pillow; really = adv modifying soft; like a foam one = p ph modifying soft; like = prep; one = op; a/foam = adj modifying one<br />Lesson 190- Parts of the Sentence - Review<br />Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs/Prepositions<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), and prepositional phrases (p ph) in the following sentences.<br />1. Do you remember the name of the new senator from Utah?<br />2. Our work on the space shuttle requires all sorts of ability and knowledge.<br />3. The new rocket is troublesome for many nations.<br />4. Who painted the outside of this house before?<br />5. Wait for me outside.<br />Answers<br />1. do remember = v; you = subj; name = do; the = adj modifying name; of the new senator modifying name/from Utah modifying senator = p ph; of/from = prep; senator/Utah = op; the/new = adj modifying senator<br />2. requires = v; work = subj; sorts = do; our = adj modifying work; all = adj modifying sorts; on the space shuttle modifying work/of ability and knowledge modifying sorts = p ph; on/of = prep; shuttle/ability/knowledge = op; the space = adj modifying shuttle<br />3. is = v; rocket = subj; troublesome = pa; the/new = adj modifying rocket; for many nations = p ph modifying troublesome; for = prep; nations = op; many = adj modifying nations<br />4. painted = v; who = subj; outside = do; the = adj modifying outside; before = adv modifying painted; of this house = p ph modifying outside; of = prep; house = op; this = adj modifying house<br />5. wait = v; you (understood) = subj; outside = adv modifying wait; for me = p ph modifying wait; for = prep; me = op<br />Lessons 186 - 190 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Review Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs/Prepositions<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), and prepositional phrases (p ph) in the following sentences.<br />1. The woman in the green suit is Martha, our favorite neighbor.<br />2. Oh, Grant, there is no electricity in our house now.<br />3. The racer ran past in a big hurry.<br />4. The river past our house winds down into a steep valley.<br />5. Come in and don't stand outside in the cold.<br />6. The rookie basketball player was caught off his guard.<br />7. The mythology stories are well-known and exciting.<br />8. That old shoe is well-worn and completely worthless.<br />9. Will you climb up the ladder and through the window and open the door for me?<br />10. These sentences with more concepts are becoming longer and harder.<br />Answers<br />1. is = v; woman = subj; Martha = pn; neighbor = app; the = adj modifying woman; our/favorite = adj modifying neighbor; in a green suit = p ph modifying woman; in = prep; suit = op; a/green = adj modifying suit<br />2. is = v; electricity = subj; Grant = na; no = adj modifying electricity; now = adv modifying is; in our house = p ph modifying electricity or is; in = prep; house = op; our = adj modifying house; (oh = interjection; there = introductory there)<br />3. ran = v; racer = subj; the = adj modifying racer; past = adv modifying ran; in a big hurry = p ph modifying ran; in = prep; hurry = op; a/big = adj modifying hurry<br />4. winds = v; river = subj; the = adj modifying river; down = adv modifying winds; past our house modifying river/into a steep valley modifying winds = p ph; past/into = prep; house/valley = op; our = adj modifying house; a/steep = adj modifying valley<br />5. come/do stand = v; you (understood) = subj; in = adv modifying come; n't/outside = adv modifying do stand; in the cold = p ph modifying do stand; in = prep; cold = op; the = adj modifying cold<br />6. was caught = v; player = subj; the/rookie/basketball = adj modifying player; off his guard = p ph modifying was caught; off = prep; guard = op; his = adj modifying guard<br />7. are = v; stories = subj; well-known/exciting = pa; the/mythology = adj modifying stories<br />8. is = v; shoe = subj; well-worn/worthless = pa; that/old = adj modifying shoe; completely = adv modifying worthless<br />9. will climb/ (will) open = v; you = subj; door = do; the = adj modifying door; up the ladder modifying will climb/through the window modifying will climb/for me modifying will open = p ph; up/through/for = prep; ladder/window/me = op; the = adj modifying ladder; the = adj modifying window<br />10. are becoming = v; sentences = subj; longer/harder = pa; these = adj modifying sentences; with more concepts = p ph modifying sentences; with = prep; concepts = op; more = adj modifying concepts<br /><br />Lesson 191 - Parts of the Sentence - Indirect Objects<br />An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object. Example: She gave me a gift. The indirect object always modifies the verb. It may have modifiers and be compound. It is used with verbs such as give, tell, send, get, buy, show, build, do, make, save, and read. Example: She sent the man and me a gift.<br />Find the verb, direct object, and indirect object in the following sentences.<br />1. Has your boss sent you a notice about the next convention?<br />2. John read his tiny nephew an exciting story.<br />3. Our father built the family a redwood picnic table.<br />4. The doctor sent me a bill for his services.<br />5. We gave my mother a book for her birthday.<br />Answers<br />1. sent = verb; notice = direct object; you = indirect object<br />2. read = verb; story = direct object; nephew = indirect object<br />3. built = verb; table = direct object; family = indirect object<br />4. sent = verb; bill = direct object; me = indirect object<br />5. gave = verb; book = direct object; mother = indirect object<br />Lesson 192 - Parts of the Sentence - Indirect Objects<br />An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object. Example: She gave me a gift. The indirect object always modifies the verb. It may have modifiers and be compound. It is used with verbs such as give, tell, send, get, buy, show, build, do, make, save, and read. Example: She sent the man and me a gift.<br />Find the verb, direct object, and indirect object in the following sentences.<br />1. Has Terri shown Jeanne and Barbara her new ring?<br />2. The new highway saved the travelers several miles.<br />3. Did the workers give the spies confidential information?<br />4. Will Jim get us tickets to the game?<br />5. I bought Ila and Jeff two big pieces of cake.<br />Answers<br />1. has shown = verb; ring = direct object; Jeanne/Barbara = indirect objects<br />2. saved = verb; miles = direct object; travelers = indirect object<br />3. did give = verb; information = direct object; spies = indirect object<br />4. will get = verb; tickets = direct object; us = indirect object<br />5. bought = verb; pieces = direct object; Ila/Jeff = indirect objects<br />Lesson 193 - Parts of the Sentence - Indirect Objects<br />An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object. Example: She gave me a gift. The indirect object always modifies the verb. It may have modifiers and be compound. It is used with verbs such as give, tell, send, get, buy, show, build, do, make, save, and read. Example: She sent the man and me a gift.<br />Find the verb, direct object, and indirect object in the following sentences.<br />1. The new manager offered Jay a higher position.<br />2. This spring Carl told us his plans for the summer.<br />3. Many jobs don't pay the employees much money.<br />4. Mr. Blower read the neighbor children some interesting stories about Australia.<br />5. Mr. Smith, my broker, sold my parents some stock yesterday.<br />Answers<br />1. offered = verb; position = direct object; Jay = indirect object<br />2. told = verb; plans = direct object; us = indirect object<br />3. do pay = verb; money = direct object; employees = indirect object<br />4. read = verb; stories = direct object; children = indirect object<br />5. sold = verb; stock = direct object; parents = indirect object<br />Lesson 194 - Parts of the Sentence - Indirect Objects<br />An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object. Example: She gave me a gift. The indirect object always modifies the verb. It may have modifiers and be compound. It is used with verbs such as give, tell, send, get, buy, show, build, do, make, save, and read. Example: She sent the man and me a gift.<br />Rewrite the following sentences so each has an indirect object.<br />1. I asked an important question of my mother.<br />2. Grandpa read the nursery rhymes to the grandchildren.<br />3. She bought a new dress for herself.<br />4. He did a great favor for the whole town.<br />5. The artist showed his most famous painting to the viewers.<br />Answers<br />1. I asked my mother an important question.<br />2. Grandpa read the grandchildren the nursery rhymes.<br />3. She bought herself a new dress.<br />4. He did the whole town a great favor.<br />5. The artist showed the viewers his most famous painting.<br />Lesson 195 - Parts of the Sentence - Indirect Objects<br />An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object. Example: She gave me a gift. The indirect object always modifies the verb. It may have modifiers and be compound. It is used with verbs such as give, tell, send, get, buy, show, build, do, make, save, and read. Example: She sent the man and me a gift.<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), and indirect objects (io) in the following sentences.<br />1. At the mall Pam bought her children two new toys.<br />2. Tomorrow you should send your friend a thank you card.<br />3. The veteran pitcher threw the rookie hitter a fast-breaking curve ball.<br />4. The public defender gave her client her best advice.<br />5. Eric showed his math teacher a problem with the question.<br />Answers<br />1. bought = v; Pam = subj; toys = do; children = io modifying bought; two/new = adj modifying toys; her = adj modifying children; at the mall = p ph modifying bought; at = prep; mall = op; the = adj modifying mall<br />2. should send = v; you = subj; card = do; friend = io modifying should send; a/thank you = adj modifying card; your = adj modifying friend; tomorrow = adv modifying should send<br />3. threw = v; pitcher = subj; ball = do; hitter = io modifying threw; the/veteran = adj modifying pitcher; the/rookie = adj modifying hitter; a/fast-breaking/curve = adj modifying ball<br />4. gave = v; defender = subj; advice = do; client = io modifying gave; the/public =adj modifying defender; her = adj modifying client; her/best = adj modifying advice<br />5. showed = v; Eric = subj; problem = do; teacher = io modifying showed; his/math = adj modifying teacher; a = adj modifying problem; with the question = p ph modifying problem; with = prep; question = op; the = adj modifying question<br />Lessons 191-195 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Review Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs/Prepositions<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), and indirect objects (io) in the following sentences.<br />1. The car dealer gave Jim a low price for his old car.<br />2. Will wanted a job at the ranger station.<br />3. My neighbors brought me some candy and a basket of fruit for my birthday.<br />4. We gave the man the name of a lodge near Trial Lake.<br />5. An unknown donor gave the hospital a million dollars for research.<br />6. The frightening experience taught the child some important lessons.<br />7. You should have given Boyd and me more time.<br />Answers<br />1. gave = v; dealer = subj; price = do; Jim = io; the/car = adj modifying dealer; a/low = adj modifying price; for his old car = p ph modifying either gave or price; for = prep; car = op; his/old = adj modifying car<br />2. wanted = v; Will = subj; job = do; a = adj modifying job; at the ranger station = p ph modifying job; at = prep; station = op; the/ranger = adj modifying station<br />3. brought = v; neighbors = subj; candy/basket = do; me = io modifying brought; my = adj modifying neighbors; some = adj modifying candy; a = adj modifying basket; of fruit modifying basket/for my birthday modifying brought = p ph; of/for = prep; fruit/birthday = op; my = adj modifying birthday<br />4. gave = v; we = subj; name = do; man = io; the = adj modifying man; the = adj modifying name; of a lodge modifying name/near Trial Lake modifying lodge = p ph; of/near = prep; lodge/Trial Lake = op; a = adj modifying lodge<br />5. gave = v; donor = subj; dollars = do; hospital = io; an/unknown = adj modifying donor; the = adj modifying hospital; a/million = adj modifying dollars; for research = p ph modifying gave; for = prep; research = op<br />6. taught = v; experience = subj; lessons = do; child = io modifying taught; the/frightening = adj modifying experience; the = adj modifying child; some/important = adj modifying lessons<br />7. should have given = v; you = subj; time = do; Boyd/me = io modifying should have given; more = adj modifying time<br /><br />Lesson 196 - Parts of the Sentence - Objective Complement<br />An objective complement can be a noun or an adjective which follows the direct object renaming or modifying it. It is used with verbs like make, name, call, choose, elect, and appoint. It is not set off with commas as an appositive is. Example: I call my dog Badger.<br />A verb that has an objective complement in the active voice may in the passive voice have a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. Examples: My dog is called Badger by me. I consider my dog smart. My dog is considered smart by me.<br />Find the objective complements in the following sentences and tell whether they are nouns or adjectives.<br />1. Have you named Mr. Jones temporary chairman?<br />2. We called the boy on the horse Jock.<br />3. The team elected the twins co-captains.<br />4. The explorers found the old building empty.<br />5. Our present renters have kept the apartment clean.<br />Answers<br />1. chairman - noun<br />2. Jock - noun<br />3. co-captains - noun<br />4. empty - adjective<br />5. clean - adjective<br />Lesson 197 - Parts of the Sentence - Objective Complement<br />An objective complement can be a noun or an adjective which follows the direct object renaming or modifying it. It is used with verbs like make, name, call, choose, elect, and appoint. It is not set off with commas as an appositive is. Example: I call my dog Badger.<br />A verb that has an objective complement in the active voice may in the passive voice have a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. Examples: My dog is called Badger by me. I consider my dog smart. My dog is considered smart by me.<br />Find the objective complements in the following sentences and tell whether they are nouns or adjectives.<br />1. The man down the lane calls his farm Alfalfa.<br />2. The sergeant appointed the new recruit leader of the group.<br />3. Diligent practice can make one a skilled person.<br />4. Many people named Lincoln the best President.<br />5. Your irritableness makes everyone moody.<br />Answers<br />1. Alfalfa - noun<br />2. leader - noun<br />3. person - noun<br />4. President - noun<br />5. moody - adjective<br />Lesson 198 - Parts of the Sentence - Objective Complement<br />An objective complement can be a noun or an adjective which follows the direct object renaming or modifying it. It is used with verbs like make, name, call, choose, elect, and appoint. It is not set off with commas as an appositive is. Example: I call my dog Badger.<br />A verb that has an objective complement in the active voice may in the passive voice have a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. Examples: My dog is called Badger by me. I consider my dog smart. My dog is considered smart by me.<br />Find the objective complements in the following sentences and tell whether they are nouns or adjectives.<br />1. NASA found the astronauts healthy and cheerful.<br />2. Special circumstances can make ordinary people heroes.<br />3. The group appointed the new member secretary.<br />4. We have always considered you capable of great things.<br />5. The minister pronounced the young couple man and wife.<br />Answers<br />1. healthy/cheerful - adjectives<br />2. heroes - noun<br />3. secretary - noun<br />4. capable - adjective<br />5. man/wife - noun<br />Lesson 199 - Parts of the Sentence - Objective Complement<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />1. In my English paper yesterday, the teacher found four errors.<br />2. The children call their two dogs Mutt and Jeff.<br />3. The rich husband bought his wife a fur coat.<br />4. After many years of study, Fred became an excellent dentist.<br />5. The Presidential candidate made the Marriott Hotel his headquarters.<br />Answers<br />1. found = v; teacher = subj; errors = do; the = adj modifying teacher; four = adj modifying errors; yesterday = adv modifying found; in my English paper = p ph modifying found; in = prep; paper = op; my/English = adj modifying paper<br />2. call = v; children = subj; dogs = do; the = adj modifying children; their/two = adj modifying dogs; Mutt/Jeff = oc<br />3. bought = v; husband = subj; coat = do; wife = io; the/rich = adj modifying husband; his = adj modifying wife; a/fur = adj modifying coat<br />4. became = v; Fred = subj; dentist = pn; an/excellent = adj modifying dentist; after many years modifying became/of study modifying years = p ph; after/of = prep; years/study = op; many = adj modifying years<br />5. made = v; candidate = subj; Marriott Hotel = do; headquarters = oc; the/Presidential = adj modifying candidate; the = adj modifying Marriott Hotel; his = adj modifying headquarters<br />Lesson 200 - Parts of the Sentence - Objective Complement<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />1. Mother gave me an Inca necklace for Christmas.<br />2. The town council named the old building condemned.<br />3. The sad news drove the man insane.<br />4. The plumber had always brought his tools with him before.<br />5. Have the dirty clothes been washed yet?<br />Answers<br />1. gave = v; Mother = subj; necklace = do; me = io modifying gave; an/Inca = adj modifying necklace; for Christmas = p ph modifying gave; for = prep; Christmas = op<br />2. named = v; council = subj; building = do; condemned = oc; the/town = adj modifying council; the/old = adj modifying building<br />3. drove = v; news = subj; man = do; insane = oc; the/sad = adj modifying news; the = adj modifying man<br />4. had brought = v; plumber = subj; tools = do; the = adj modifying plumber; his = adj modifying tools; always/before = adv modifying had brought; with him = p ph modifying had brought; with = prep; him = op<br />5. have been washed = v; clothes = subj; the/dirty = adj modifying clothes; yet = adv modifying have been washed<br />Lessons 196 - 200 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence -<br />Review Verbs/Nouns/Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs/Prepositions<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />1. The hostess served her special guests a delicious meal.<br />2. Many young boys carry charms in their pockets for good luck.<br />3. The sunlight made the apple red.<br />4. Harry, was that man the owner of the winning horse?<br />5. Reinforced concrete is famous for its strength.<br />6. The happy parents named their new daughter Joy.<br />7. Aunt Fern offered her children a part of the business.<br />Answers<br />1. served = v; hostess = subj; meal = do; guests = io; the = adj modifying hostess; her/special = adj modifying guests; a/delicious = adj modifying meal<br />2. carry = v; boys = subj; charms = do; many/young = adj modifying boys; in their pockets/for good luck = p ph modifying carry; in/for = prep; pockets/luck = op; their = adj modifying pockets; good = adj modifying luck<br />3. made = v; sunlight = subj; apple = do; red = oc; the = adj modifying sunlight; the = adj modifying apple<br />4. was = v; man = subj; owner = pn; Harry = na; that = adj modifying man; the = adj modifying owner; of the winning horse = p ph modifying owner; of = prep; horse = op; the/winning = adj modifying horse<br />5. is = v; concrete = subj; famous = pa; reinforced = adj modifying concrete; for its strength = p ph modifying famous; for = prep; strength = op; its = adj modifying strength<br />6. named = v; parents = subj; daughter = do; Joy = oc; the/happy = adj modifying parents; their/new = adj modifying daughter<br />7. offered = v; Aunt Fern = subj; part = do; children = io; her = adj modifying children; a = adj modifying part; of the business = p ph modifying part; of = prep; business = op; the = adj modifying business<br /><br />Lesson 201 - Parts of the Sentence - Conjunctions<br />A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases, or clauses. Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phases, or clauses of equal rank. There are two kinds simple and correlative. The simple co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, and nor. The correlative co-ordinate conjunctions are always in pairs. They are either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or.<br />In these lessons simple co-ordinates will be referred to as co-ordinate conjunctions, and correlative co-ordinates will be referred to as correlative conjunctions. The co-ordinate and correlative conjunctions should be memorized since they are common and few in number.<br />As a review of all the parts of the sentence, in the following sentences find the conjunctions and tell whether they are co-ordinate or correlative conjunctions, and then tell how each of the other words are used.<br />1. Jeff and Jim cut the grass.<br />2. Mr. Smith, our neighbor and friend, is visiting Africa.<br />3. Lindsay gave both Ila and me a surprise.<br />4. The rabbit hopped and skipped about in the yard.<br />5. The new manager will be either Bill or Fred.<br />Answers<br />1. and = co-ordinate conjunction; cut = verb; Jeff/Jim = subject; the = adjective<br />2. and = co-ordinate conjunction; is visiting = verb; Mr. Smith = subject; Africa = direct object; neighbor/friend = appositives; our = adjective<br />3. both/and = correlative conjunction; gave = verb; Lindsay = subject; surprise = direct object; Ila/me = indirect object; a = adjective<br />4. and = co-ordinate conjunction; hopped/skipped = verbs; rabbit = subject; the/the = adjectives; in = preposition; yard = object of the preposition<br />5. either/or = correlative conjunction; will be = verb; manager = subject; Bill/Fred = predicate nominative; the/new = adjectives<br />Lesson 202 - Parts of the Sentence - Conjunctions<br />A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases, or clauses. Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phases, or clauses of equal rank. There are two kinds simple and correlative. The simple co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, and nor. The correlative co-ordinate conjunctions are always in pairs. They are either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or.<br />In these lessons simple co-ordinates will be referred to as co-ordinate conjunctions, and correlative co-ordinates will be referred to as correlative conjunctions. The co-ordinate and correlative conjunctions should be memorized since they are common and few in number.<br />As a review of all the parts of the sentence, in the following sentences find the conjunctions and tell whether they are co-ordinate or correlative conjunctions, and then tell how each of the other words are used.<br />1. Run up the hill and through the valley.<br />2. I will be waiting for Ann and her family.<br />3. The clouds were neither large nor billowy.<br />4. At the convention I saw not only my neighbor but also my cousin.<br />5. The dog owner called his favorite dogs Laddie and Lady.<br />Answers<br />1. and = co-ordinate conjunction; run = verb; you (understood) = subject; up/through = prepositions; hill/valley = object of the preposition; the/the = adjectives<br />2. and = co-ordinate conjunction; will be waiting = verb; I = subject; for = preposition; Ann/family = objects of the preposition; her = adjective<br />3. neither/nor = correlative conjunction; were = verb; clouds = subject; large/billowy = predicate adjectives; the = adjective<br />4. not only/but also = correlative conjunction; saw = verb; I = subject; neighbor/cousin = direct objects; at = preposition; convention = object of the preposition; the/my/my = adjectives<br />5. and = co-ordinate conjunction; called = verb; owner = subject; dogs = direct object; Laddie/Lady = object complements; the/dog/his/favorite = adjectives<br />Lesson 203 - Parts of the Sentence - Conjunctions<br />A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases, or clauses. Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phases, or clauses of equal rank. There are two kinds simple and correlative. The simple co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, and nor. The correlative co-ordinate conjunctions are always in pairs. They are either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or.<br />In these lessons simple co-ordinates will be referred to as co-ordinate conjunctions, and correlative co-ordinates will be referred to as correlative conjunctions. The co-ordinate and correlative conjunctions should be memorized since they are common and few in number.<br />As a review of all the parts of the sentence, in the following sentences find the conjunctions and tell whether they are co-ordinate or correlative conjunctions, and then tell how each of the other words are used.<br />1. The basketball team scored quickly and easily.<br />2. The wrestler was a small but strong individual.<br />3. Neither Helen nor her family will associate with us.<br />4. Jim, Jeff and Shawn went to Wendover but told no one.<br />5. A group of pretty girls and older women followed them.<br />Answers<br />1. and = co-ordinate conjunction; scored = verb; team = subject; the/basketball = adjectives; quickly/easily = adverbs<br />2. but = co-ordinate conjunction; was = verb; wrestler = subject; individual = predicate nominative; the/a/small/strong = adjectives<br />3. neither/nor = correlative conjunction; will associate = verb; Helen/family = subjects; with = preposition; us = object of the preposition; her = adjective<br />4. and/but = co-ordinate conjunctions; went/told = verbs; Jim/Jeff/Shawn = subjects; no one = direct object; to = preposition; Wendover = object of the preposition<br />5. and = co-ordinate conjunction; followed = verb; group = subject; them = direct object; of = preposition; girls/women = objects of the preposition; a/pretty/older = adjectives.<br />Lesson 204 - Parts of the Sentence - Conjunctions<br />A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases, or clauses. Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phases, or clauses of equal rank. There are two kinds simple and correlative. The simple co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, and nor. The correlative co-ordinate conjunctions are always in pairs. They are either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or.<br />In these lessons simple co-ordinates will be referred to as co-ordinate conjunctions, and correlative co-ordinates will be referred to as correlative conjunctions. The co-ordinate and correlative conjunctions should be memorized since they are common and few in number.<br />As a review of all the parts of the sentence, in the following sentences find the conjunctions and tell whether they are co-ordinate or correlative conjunctions, and then tell how each of the other words are used.<br />1. The very happy guests laughed and talked with the hosts.<br />2. They will invite both Joe and his wife tomorrow.<br />3. Two hot drinks, coffee and tea, will be served daily.<br />4. Their first visitors were Lottie and Elaine.<br />5. We neither saw nor heard anything important.<br />Answers<br />1. and = co-ordinate conjunction; laughed/talked = verbs; guests = subject; with = preposition; hosts = object of the preposition; the/happy/the = adjectives; very = adverb<br />2. both/and = correlative conjunction; will invite =verb; they = subject; Joe/wife = direct objects; his = adjective; tomorrow = adverb<br />3. and = co-ordinate conjunction; will be served = verb; drinks = subject; coffee/tea = appositives; two/hot = adjectives; daily = adverb<br />4. and = co-ordinate conjunction; were = verb; visitors = subject; Lottie/Elaine = predicate nominatives; their/first = adjectives<br />5. neither/nor = correlative; saw/heard = verbs; we = subject; anything = direct object; important = object complement<br />Lesson 205 - Parts of the Sentence - Conjunctions<br />A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases, or clauses. Co-ordinate conjunctions join words, phases, or clauses of equal rank. There are two kinds simple and correlative. The simple co-ordinate conjunctions are the following: and, but, or, and nor. The correlative co-ordinate conjunctions are always in pairs. They are either-or, neither-nor, both-and, not only-but also, and whether-or.<br />In these lessons simple co-ordinates will be referred to as co-ordinate conjunctions, and correlative co-ordinates will be referred to as correlative conjunctions. The co-ordinate and correlative conjunctions should be memorized since they are common and few in number.<br />As a review of all the parts of the sentence, in the following sentences find the conjunctions and tell whether they are co-ordinate or correlative conjunctions, and then tell how each of the other words are used.<br />1. In our garden several small but productive trees are growing.<br />2. Dad waited for Barbara, Jeanne and me.<br />3. I must leave this place secretly and quietly.<br />4. After the hike the group was tired and hungry.<br />5. The coyote ran into a hole or into some trees.<br />Answers<br />1. but = co-ordinate conjunction; are growing = verb; trees = subject; in = preposition; garden = object of the preposition; our/several/small/productive = adjectives<br />2. and = co-ordinate conjunction; waited = verb; Dad = subject; for = preposition; Barbara/Jeanne/me = object of the preposition<br />3. and = co-ordinate conjunction; must leave = verb; I = subject; place = direct object; this = adjective; secretly/quietly = adverbs<br />4. and = co-ordinate conjunction; was = verb; group = subject; tired/hungry = predicate adjectives; after = preposition; hike = object of the preposition; the/the = adjective<br />5. or = co-ordinate conjunction; ran = verb; coyote = subject; into/into = preposition; hole/trees = object of the preposition; the/a/some = adjectives<br />Lessons 201-205 Quiz - Parts of the Sentence - Conjunctions<br />As a review of all the parts of the sentence, in the following sentences find the conjunctions and tell whether they are co-ordinate or correlative conjunctions, and then tell how each of the other words are used.<br />1. The consultant gave Mother and Dad some helpful hints.<br />2. Dot was an old but reliable pinto horse.<br />3. My mother knits slowly but very surely.<br />4. The little girls raced down the street and into the playground.<br />5. Yesterday was not only hot but also really windy.<br />6. I have visited both the Boardwalk and Broadway.<br />7. Either Jenny or your sister will call about the party.<br />8. Then she stopped at the service station for some gas or oil.<br />9. The water in the Pacific Ocean was very rough and cold.<br />10. The injured one was neither Burt nor Bob.<br />Answers<br />1. and = co-ordinate conjunction; gave =verb; consultant = subject; hints = direct object; Mother/Dad = indirect objects; the/some/helpful = adjectives<br />2. but = co-ordinate conjunction; was = verb; Dot = subject; horse = predicate nominative; an/old/reliable/pinto = adjectives<br />3. but = co-ordinate conjunction; knits = verb; mother = subject; my = adjective; slowly/very/surely = adverbs<br />4. and = co-ordinate conjunction; raced = verb; girls = subject; down/into = prepositions; street/playground = object of the prepositions; the/little/the/the = adjectives<br />5. not only/but also = correlative conjunction; was = verb; yesterday = subject; hot/windy = predicate adjectives; really = adverb<br />6. both/and = correlative conjunction; have visited = verb; I = subject; Boardwalk/Broadway = direct objects; the = adjectives<br />7. either/or = correlative conjunction; will call = verb; Jenny/sister = subject; about = preposition; party = object of the preposition; your/the = adjectives<br />8. or = co-ordinate conjunction; stopped = verb; she = subject; at/for = preposition; station/gas/oil = objects of the prepositions; the/service/some = adjectives; then = adverb<br />9. and = co-ordinate conjunction; was = verb; water = subject; rough/cold = predicate adjective; in = preposition; Pacific Ocean = object of the preposition; the/the = adjectives; very = adverb<br />10. neither/nor = correlative conjunction; was = verb; one = subject; Burt/Bob = predicate nominative; the/injured = adjectives<br /><br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Example: Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the verbals in the following sentences.<br />1. I can't understand Will's failing in college.<br />2. Many trees stood bordering the south entrance to the house.<br />3. I will have to consult your parents.<br />4. His searching glance terrified the hostages.<br />5. You should buy a tie to match your suit.<br />Answers<br />1. failing<br />2. bordering<br />3. to consult<br />4. searching<br />5. to match<br />Lesson 207 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Example: Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the verbals in the following sentences.<br />1. The pouring rain caused havoc on the highway.<br />2. The earthquake created many broken dishes.<br />3. This book has a torn page.<br />4. The drifted snow had blocked my driveway.<br />5. Shouting angrily, the man ran from his house.<br />Answers<br />1. pouring<br />2. broken<br />3. torn<br />4. drifted<br />5. shouting<br />Lesson 208 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Example: Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the verbals in the following sentences.<br />1. Is Sam too busy to help us?<br />2. This car is hard to use and to repair.<br />3. Where did you go to find that mutt?<br />4. Oh, I didn't lock the door before leaving home today!<br />5. Having swum for two hours, I felt rather tired.<br />Answers<br />1. to help<br />2. to use / to repair<br />3. to find<br />4. leaving<br />5. having swum<br />Lesson 209 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Example: Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the verbals in the following sentences.<br />1. Sometimes I need to work more effectively.<br />2. Surreptitiously slipping the answers to his friend, the boy looked innocently at the ceiling.<br />3. Why won't you try to be nicer?<br />4. I hope we never become too old to learn.<br />5. Having forgotten her lines, Jena fled from the stage.<br />Answers<br />1. to work<br />2. slipping<br />3. to be<br />4. to learn<br />5. having forgotten<br />Lesson 210 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Example: Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the verbals in the following sentences.<br />1. Changing his mind, Fred agreed to play the part.<br />2. Having been seen at lunch, the man tried to escape.<br />3. The team winning the final game will win the cup.<br />4. One way to improve is to work harder.<br />5. Decayed and crumbling, that old wall is dangerous.<br />Answers<br />1. changing / to play<br />2. having been seen / to escape<br />3. winning<br />4. to improve / to work<br />5. decayed / crumbling<br />Lessons 206 - 210 Quiz - Verbals<br />Find the verbals in these sentences.<br />1. The rolling hills seemed to go on forever.<br />2. Having grown sleepy, I finally put down my book.<br />3. The parcel wrapped in brown paper was thought to be a bomb.<br />4. Hearing the screeching brakes, I rushed to the window.<br />5. Swimming is not my favorite sport.<br />6. To accept defeat well is often hard.<br />7. To go now would be foolish.<br />8. Having been invited to attend a party, I hurriedly took a shower.<br />9. The added figure made the price too high.<br />10. Is it time to leave yet?<br />Answers<br />1. rolling / to go<br />2. having grown<br />3. wrapped / to be<br />4. hearing / screeching<br />5. swimming<br />6. to accept<br />7. to go<br />8. having been invited / to attend<br />9. added<br />10. to leave<br /><br />Lesson 211 - Verbals - Gerunds<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />The gerund can be a subject (Eating is fun.); a direct object (I like eating.); a predicate nominative (A fun time is eating.); an appositive (A fun time, eating, takes much time.); an indirect object (I give eating too much time.); or an object of a preposition (I give much time to eating.)<br />Find the gerunds in the following sentences and tell if they are used as subject, direct object, predicate nominative, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition.<br />1. My father's occupation was farming.<br />2. My desire, traveling, may happen soon.<br />3. Writing is sometimes difficult.<br />4. By saving, we can do our traveling.<br />5. Some people give gossiping too much time.<br />Answers<br />1. farming = predicate nominative<br />2. traveling = appositive<br />3. writing = subject<br />4. saving = object of the preposition / traveling = direct object<br />5. gossiping = indirect object<br />Lesson 212 - Verbals - Gerunds<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />The gerund can be a subject (Eating is fun.); a direct object (I like eating.); a predicate nominative (A fun time is eating.); an appositive (A fun time, eating, takes much time.); an indirect object (I give eating too much time.); or an object of a preposition (I give much time to eating.)<br />Gerunds can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a gerund phrase. Example: Eating solid foods is hard for babies. Eating is the gerund used as the subject of the verb is. It has its own direct object foods with the adjective solid, which together make up the gerund phrase eating solid foods serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the gerund phrases in the following sentences and tell if they are used as subject, direct object, predicate nominative, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition.<br />1. My hobby is working with irises.<br />2. I like pruning the fruit trees.<br />3. I had only one desire, leaving for home.<br />4. Writing a good novel is hard work.<br />5. With his snoring in his sleep, his wife couldn't sleep.<br />Answers<br />1. working with irises = predicate nominative<br />2. pruning the fruit trees = direct object<br />3. leaving for home = appositive<br />4. writing a good novel = subject<br />5. his snoring in his sleep = object of the preposition<br />Lesson 213 - Verbals - Gerunds<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />The gerund can be a subject (Eating is fun.); a direct object (I like eating.); a predicate nominative (A fun time is eating.); an appositive (A fun time, eating, takes much time.); an indirect object (I give eating too much time.); or an object of a preposition (I give much time to eating.)<br />Gerunds can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a gerund phrase. Example: Eating solid foods is hard for babies. Eating is the gerund used as the subject of the verb is. It has its own direct object foods with the adjective solid, which together make up the gerund phrase eating solid foods serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Gerunds can be compound. Example: Jeff likes hiking and camping.<br />Find the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used (subject, direct object, predicate nominative, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition).<br />1. Directing traffic and helping school children is her job.<br />2. Do you watch boxing or wrestling?<br />3. For knitting and sewing you need good eyes.<br />4. My needs, exercising and losing weight, must be realized soon.<br />5. My mother gives helping and serving others all her time.<br />Answers<br />1. directing traffic/helping school children = subjects<br />2. boxing/wrestling = direct objects<br />3. knitting/sewing = objects of the preposition<br />4. exercising/losing weight = appositives<br />5. helping/serving others = indirect objects<br />Lesson 214 - Verbals - Gerunds<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />The gerund can be a subject (Eating is fun.); a direct object (I like eating.); a predicate nominative (A fun time is eating.); an appositive (A fun time, eating, takes much time.); an indirect object (I give eating too much time.); or an object of a preposition (I give much time to eating.)<br />Gerunds can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a gerund phrase. Example: Eating solid foods is hard for babies. Eating is the gerund used as the subject of the verb is. It has its own direct object foods with the adjective solid, which together make up the gerund phrase eating solid foods serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Gerunds can be compound. (Jeff likes hiking and camping.)<br />Find the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used (subject, direct object, predicate nominative, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition).<br />1. Fishing is my friend's favorite sport.<br />2. By adding more water, we can thin the paint.<br />3. The law forbids shouting fire in a theater.<br />4. Mr. Jones enjoys his work, collecting and repairing old stereos.<br />5. My neighbor's pastime is training guard dogs.<br />Answers<br />1. fishing = subject<br />2. adding more water = object of the preposition<br />3. shouting fire in a theater = direct object<br />4. collecting/repairing old stereos = appositives<br />5. training guard dogs = predicate nominative<br />Lesson 215 - Verbals - Gerunds<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />The gerund can be a subject (Eating is fun.); a direct object (I like eating.); a predicate nominative (A fun time is eating.); an appositive (A fun time, eating, takes much time.); an indirect object (I give eating too much time.); or an object of a preposition (I give much time to eating.)<br />Gerunds can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a gerund phrase. Example: Eating solid foods is hard for babies. Eating is the gerund used as the subject of the verb is. It has its own direct object foods with the adjective solid, which together make up the gerund phrase eating solid foods serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Gerunds can be compound. (Jeff likes hiking and camping.)<br />Find the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used (subject, direct object, predicate nominative, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition).<br />1. Turning off the freeway was our mistake.<br />2. The secretary's duties are taking minutes and typing letters.<br />3. You can start this machine by simply pushing this button.<br />4. His assignment, testing jet planes, is really exciting.<br />5. In some countries tourists can be arrested for taking pictures.<br />Answers<br />1. turning off the freeway = subject<br />2. taking minutes/typing letters = predicate nominatives<br />3. simply pushing this button = object of the preposition<br />4. testing jet planes = appositive<br />5. taking pictures = object of the preposition<br />Lessons 211-215 Quiz - Verbals - Gerunds<br />Find the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used (subject, direct object, predicate nominative, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition).<br />1. Cooking gourmet meals can be very expensive.<br />2. NASA likes shooting at the moon.<br />3. You need a rereading of the script.<br />4. Our only hope is taking them by surprise.<br />5. That man was known for sparing the rod.<br />6. You cannot do that, parking near a fire hydrant.<br />7. Our task, driving on that road, was very difficult.<br />8. Try doing it this way.<br />9. Just thinking of traveling in space excites many people.<br />10. I find relaxation in my gardening.<br />Answers<br />1. cooking gourmet meals = subject<br />2. shooting at the moon = direct object<br />3. a rereading of the script = direct object<br />4. taking them by surprise = predicate nominative<br />5. sparing the rod = object of the preposition<br />6. parking near a fire hydrant = appositive<br />7. driving on that road = appositive<br />8. doing it this way = direct object<br />9. just thinking of traveling in space = subject/traveling in space = object of the preposition<br />10. my gardening = object of the preposition<br /><br />Lesson 216 - Verbals - Noun Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as a noun. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />The noun infinitive can be a subject (To eat is fun.); a direct object (I like to eat.); a predicate nominative (A fun thing is to eat.); an appositive (My hope, to travel, never happened.); an object of a preposition (I want nothing but to save.)<br />Noun infinitives can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a infinitive phrase. Example: To eat solid foods is hard for babies. "To eat" is the noun infinitive used as the subject of the verb is, and it has its own direct object "foods" with the adjective "solid," which together make up the infinitive phrase "to eat solid foods" serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the noun infinitives in the following sentences and tell how they are used.<br />1. To skate was his only desire.<br />2. I hope to enjoy retirement.<br />3. The team's desire is to win.<br />4. Most people want to marry.<br />5. Their terrible goal, to kill, failed.<br />Answers<br />1. to skate = subject<br />2. to enjoy = direct object<br />3. to win = predicate nominative<br />4. to marry = direct object<br />5. to kill = appositive<br />Lesson 217 - Verbals - Noun Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as a noun. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />The noun infinitive can be a subject (To eat is fun.); a direct object (I like to eat.); a predicate nominative (A fun thing is to eat.); an appositive (My hope, to travel, never happened.); an object of a preposition (I want nothing but to save.)<br />Noun infinitives can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a infinitive phrase. Example: To eat solid foods is hard for babies. "To eat" is the noun infinitive used as the subject of the verb is, and it has its own direct object "foods" with the adjective "solid," which together make up the infinitive phrase "to eat solid foods" serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the noun infinitive phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used.<br />1. We need to take them by surprise.<br />2. To restore old cars is expensive.<br />3. My wish, to visit the Grand Canyon, has happened.<br />4. The girl wanted nothing except to succeed in the class.<br />5. The Jazz's hope is to win the championship.<br />Answers<br />1. to take them by surprise = direct object<br />2. to restore old cars = subject<br />3. to visit the Grand Canyon = appositive<br />4. to succeed in the class = object of the preposition<br />5. to win the championship = predicate nominative<br />Lesson 218 - Verbals - Noun Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as a noun. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />The noun infinitive can be a subject (To eat is fun.); a direct object (I like to eat.); a predicate nominative (A fun thing is to eat.); an appositive (My hope, to travel, never happened.); an object of a preposition (I want nothing but to save.)<br />Noun infinitives can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a infinitive phrase. Example: To eat solid foods is hard for babies. "To eat" is the noun infinitive used as the subject of the verb is, and it has its own direct object "foods" with the adjective "solid," which together make up the infinitive phrase "to eat solid foods" serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Noun infinitives may be compound. Example: I want to eat and to sleep.<br />Find the compound noun infinitive phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used.<br />1. Their war aims, to kill the people and to destroy the nation, were not accomplished.<br />2. They wanted to score and to win the game.<br />3. The woman's hobby was to camp and to hike.<br />4. I only desired one thing, to forgive you and to forget our differences.<br />5. To see and to hear are highly developed senses in many animals.<br />Answers<br />1. to kill the people/ to destroy the nation = appositives<br />2. to score/ to win the game = direct objects<br />3. to camp/to hike = predicate nominatives<br />4. to forgive you/to forget our differences = appositives<br />5. to see/to hear = subjects<br />Lesson 219 - Verbals - Noun Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as a noun. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />The noun infinitive can be a subject (To eat is fun.); a direct object (I like to eat.); a predicate nominative (A fun thing is to eat.); an appositive (My hope, to travel, never happened.); an object of a preposition (I want nothing but to save.)<br />Noun infinitives can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a infinitive phrase. Example: To eat solid foods is hard for babies. "To eat" is the noun infinitive used as the subject of the verb is, and it has its own direct object "foods" with the adjective "solid," which together make up the infinitive phrase "to eat solid foods" serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Noun infinitives may be compound. Example: I want to eat and to sleep. Sometimes the second to is left off. (I want to eat and sleep.)<br />Find the compound noun infinitive phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used.<br />1. Your job will be to count the people and pass out the tickets.<br />2. To talk and visit in class can get you into trouble.<br />3. To eat, drink and make merry is not a good life style.<br />4. Small children like to play in sand piles and eat goodies.<br />5. Her wish, to travel and see the world, never happened.<br />Answers<br />1. to count the people/(to) pass out the tickets = predicate nominatives<br />2. to talk/(to) visit in class = subjects<br />3. to eat/(to) drink/(to) make merry = subjects<br />4. to play in sand piles/(to) eat goodies = direct objects<br />5. to travel/(to) see the world = appositives<br />Lesson 220 - Verbals - Noun Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as a noun. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />The noun infinitive can be a subject (To eat is fun.); a direct object (I like to eat.); a predicate nominative (A fun thing is to eat.); an appositive (My hope, to travel, never happened.); an object of a preposition (I want nothing but to save.)<br />Noun infinitives can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a infinitive phrase. Example: To eat solid foods is hard for babies. "To eat" is the noun infinitive used as the subject of the verb is, and it has its own direct object "foods" with the adjective "solid," which together make up the infinitive phrase "to eat solid foods" serving as the subject of the sentence.<br />Noun infinitives may be compound. Example: I want to eat and to sleep. Sometimes the second to is left off. (I want to eat and sleep.)<br />Find the noun infinitive phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used.<br />1. Everyone wants to enjoy life.<br />2. She likes to be admired.<br />3. Two bad habits are to smoke cigarettes and to drink alcohol.<br />4. To stop the car suddenly can be dangerous.<br />5. To cheat is a sign of weakness.<br />Answers<br />1. to enjoy life = direct object<br />2. to be admired = direct object<br />3. to smoke cigarettes/to drink alcohol = predicate nominatives<br />4. to stop the car suddenly = subject<br />5. to cheat = subject<br />Lessons 216 - 220 Quiz - Verbals - Noun Infinitives<br />Find the noun infinitive phrases in the following sentences and tell how they are used.<br />1. To sit in judgment is a difficult task.<br />2. To waste time in class is foolishness.<br />3. To party and to sleep in were his only faults.<br />4. My grandfather wanted only to build a home and raise a family.<br />5. Barbara hopes to be home soon.<br />6. His joys were to play soccer and to visit friends.<br />7. To save money for a rainy day is a good idea.<br />8. The man's goal was to go to college and to study law.<br />9. Everyone wants to be rewarded for one's efforts.<br />10. Our desire is nothing but to live happily.<br />Answers<br />1. to sit in judgment = subject<br />2. to waste time in class = subject<br />3. to party/to sleep in = subjects<br />4. to build a home/(to) raise a family = direct objects<br />5. to be home soon = direct object<br />6. to play soccer/to visit friends = predicate nominatives<br />7. to save money for a rainy day = subject<br />8. to go to college/to study law = predicate nominatives<br />9. to be rewarded for one's efforts = direct object<br />10. to live happily = object of the preposition<br /><br />Lesson 221 - Verbals - Participles<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />Find the participles in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The bike had a broken spoke.<br />2. Her smiling face made everyone happy.<br />3. The frightened child was crying loudly.<br />4. The people were frightened by the growling dog.<br />5. The squeaking wheel needs some grease.<br />Answers<br />1. broken modifying spoke<br />2. smiling modifying face<br />3. frightened modifying child<br />4. growling modifying dog<br />5. squeaking modifying wheel<br />Lesson 222 - Verbals - Participles<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A participial phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the participial phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. Taking my time, I hit the basket.<br />2. Shouting angrily, the man chased the thief.<br />3. Exhausted from the hike, Jim dropped to the ground.<br />4. Grinning sheepishly, the boy asked for a date.<br />5. Trying to open the gate, I tore my coat.<br />Answers<br />1. Taking my time modifies the subject I<br />2. Shouting angrily modifies the subject man<br />3. Exhausted from the hike modifies the subject Jim<br />4. Grinning sheepishly modifies the subject boy<br />5. Trying to open the gate modifies the subject I<br />Lesson 223 - Verbals - Participles<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A participial phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the participial phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The man running slowly still finished the race.<br />2. The boy having been scolded finally did his work.<br />3. The teacher, having retired, could now travel widely.<br />4. The soldier, having saluted his superior, continued on his way.<br />5. The truck swerving and sliding hit the brick wall.<br />Answers<br />1. running slowly modifies man<br />2. having been scolded modifies boy<br />3. having retired modifies teacher<br />4. having saluted his superior modifies soldier<br />5. swerving and sliding modifies truck<br />Lesson 224 - Verbals - Adjective Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as an adjective. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />A infinitive phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A infinitive phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the infinitive phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. Your idea to spend the day together sounds great.<br />2. Joe is the man to see about the job.<br />3. We have no reason to doubt your sincerity.<br />4. This must be the best route to take.<br />5. Your attitude is the best attitude to have.<br />Answers<br />1. to spend the day together modifies idea<br />2. to see about the job modifies man<br />3. to doubt your sincerity modifies reason<br />4. to take modifies route<br />5. to have modifies attitude<br />Lesson 225 - Verbals - Participles/Adjective Infinitives<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A participial phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as an adjective. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />A infinitive phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A infinitive phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the participles and the participial and infinitive phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The money lying on the dresser is yours.<br />2. The crying child awakened everyone.<br />3. The heavy package to be sent was quickly loaded.<br />4. Hearing the noise, the girl was suddenly afraid.<br />5. There are several things to be considered first.<br />Answers<br />1. lying on the dresser modifies money<br />2. crying modifies child<br />3. to be sent modifies package<br />4. Hearing the noise modifies girl<br />5. to be considered first modifies things<br />Lessons 221 - 225 Quiz - Verbals - Participles/Adjective Infinitives<br />Find the infinitives, participles, and the participial and infinitive phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. My attempts to comfort the lost boy were useless.<br />2. Having been left behind, the puppy gave a whining howl.<br />3. The exhausted men were given the signal to start the march.<br />4. The admired musician wants a person to study with him.<br />5. The screaming fans cheered their fighting team.<br />6. The droning lecture caused the students' heads to nod.<br />7. Having finished our work, we now had time to play.<br />Answers<br />1. to comfort the lost boy modifies attempts; lost modifies boy<br />2. Having been left behind modifies puppy; whining modifies howl<br />3. exhausted modifies men; to start the march modifies signal<br />4. admired modifies musician; to study with him modifies person<br />5. screaming modifies fans; fighting modifies team<br />6. droning modifies lecture; to nod modifies heads<br />7. Having finished our work modifies we; to play modifies time<br /><br />Lesson 226 - Verbals - Participles/Adjective Infinitives<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A participial phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Participial phrases are useful in combining pairs of sentences.<br />Combine the following sentences using a participial phrase following the word it modifies.<br />1. The woman fed the pigeons. The woman was sitting on the park bench.<br />2. Jeanne finished the painting last month. The painting was hanging on the wall.<br />3. I really liked the blue sports car. The car was sitting in the showroom.<br />4. That man makes jewelry. He is getting into his car.<br />5. I carefully wrapped the package to be sure it was done correctly. The package was lying on the desk.<br />Answers<br />1. The woman sitting on the park bench fed the pigeons.<br />2. Last month Jeanne finished the painting hanging on the wall.<br />3. I really liked the blue sports car sitting in the showroom.<br />4. That man getting into his car makes jewelry.<br />5. I carefully wrapped the package lying on the desk to be sure it was done correctly.<br />Lesson 227 - Verbals - Participles/Adjective Infinitives<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A participial phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Participial phrases are useful in combining pairs of sentences.<br />Combine the following sentences using a participial phrase at the beginning of the sentence.<br />1. The thief pried strenuously at the window. He was grasping the crowbar with both hands.<br />2. The doctor examined the new patient. The doctor was hoping to find the problem.<br />.<br />3. The comedian took a final bow. The comedian was waving at the audience.<br />4. Ann sang quietly to herself. She was taking a shower.<br />5. The horse pranced and whirled in circles. He was approaching the starting gate.<br />Answers<br />1. Grasping the crowbar with both hands, the thief pried strenuously at the window.<br />2. Hoping to find the problem, the doctor examined the new patient.<br />3. Waving at the audience, the comedian took a final bow.<br />4. Taking a shower, Ann sang quietly to herself.<br />5. Approaching the starting gate, the horse pranced and whirled in circles.<br />Lesson 228 - Verbals - Participles/Adjective Infinitives<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A participial phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Participial phrases are useful in combining pairs of sentences.<br />Combine the following sentences using a participial phrase at the beginning of the sentence.<br />1. The flag flapped against the pole. The flag was twisted by the wind.<br />2. The cat clawed wildly in self-defense. The cat was cornered by two dogs.<br />3. The food was completely destroyed. It had been covered by the flood for two weeks.<br />4. Dr. Doolittle commanded the bee to stop the noise. He was annoyed by the humming.<br />5. We had planned a party for our boss. We were pleased with our bonuses.<br />Answers<br />1. Twisted by the wind, the flag flapped against the pole.<br />2. Cornered by two dogs, the cat clawed wildly in self-defense.<br />3. Having been covered by the flood for two weeks, the food was completely destroyed.<br />4. Annoyed by the humming, Dr. Doolittle commanded the bee to stop the noise.<br />5. Pleased with our bonuses, we had planned a party for our boss.<br />Lesson 229 - Verbals - Participles/Adjective Infinitives<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A participial phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Participial phrases are sometimes misplaced in a sentence causing confusion.<br />Rewrite the following sentences placing the participial phrases where they should be.<br />1. Carl served me a malt dressed in his new uniform.<br />2. We found our cat walking home from school.<br />3. I was stung by a bee pruning my trees.<br />4. They found an antique store looking for a place to eat.<br />5. The package was delivered by the mailman wrapped with red paper.<br />Answers<br />1. Dressed in his new uniform, Carl served me a malt.<br />2. Walking home from school, we found our cat.<br />3. Pruning my trees, I was stung by a bee.<br />4. Looking for a place to eat, they found an antique store.<br />5. The package wrapped with red paper was delivered by the mailman.<br />(There are several ways to combine the sentences.)<br />Lesson 230 - Verbals - Participles/Adjective Infinitives<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ing with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns.)<br />A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) like the gerund. A participial phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Participial phrases sometimes appear to modify a word that they cannot logically modify. The word it should modify does not appear in the sentence.<br />Rewrite the following sentences by rearranging the words or by adding a word or words to make them clear and logical.<br />1. Looking over the outlook, the canyon seemed magnificent.<br />2. Typing my research paper, the keys jammed.<br />3. Playing the piano, my dog started to howl.<br />4. Eating lunch, the doorbell rang.<br />5. Having walked several miles, my new shoes hurt.<br />Answers<br />1. Looking over the outlook, I saw a magnificent canyon.<br />2. Typing my research paper, I jammed the keys.<br />3. Playing the piano, I caused my dog to start to howl.<br />4. Eating lunch, she heard the doorbell ring.<br />5. Having walked several miles, I had sore feet from my new shoes.<br />(You must add a word to be the subject.)<br />Lessons 226 - 230 Quiz - Participles<br />Combine these sentences using a participial phrase.<br />1. I strolled down the lane. I was enjoying the fragrant air.<br />2. My dog wanted his meal. He was begging at my feet.<br />3. The contestant crossed her fingers for luck. She hoped it was the right answer.<br />4. The paramedic leaned over the victim. He was checking for vital signs.<br />5. The man shouted for help. He was hanging on the side of the boat.<br />Rewrite these sentences so the participial phrase is used correctly.<br />6. Drinking in gulps, the pitcher was emptied.<br />7. Convinced of my honesty, I was allowed to leave.<br />8. Watching the sunset, the evening was beautiful.<br />9. Hanging in the closet, I found my new suit.<br />10. We saw several caves walking through the mountains.<br />Answers<br />1. Enjoying the fragrant air, I strolled down the lane.<br />2. Begging at my feet, my dog wanted his meal.<br />3. Hoping it was the right answer, the contestant crossed her fingers for luck.<br />4. Checking for vital signs, the paramedic leaned over the victim.<br />5. Hanging on the side of the boat, the man shouted for help.<br />6. Drinking in gulps, I emptied the pitcher.<br />7. Convinced of my honesty, the police allowed me to leave.<br />8. Watching the sunset, I found the evening beautiful.<br />9. I found my new suit hanging in the closet.<br />10. Walking through the mountains, we saw several caves.<br /><br /><br />Lesson 231- Verbals - Adverb Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Adverb infinitives are used to modify verbs. They usually tell why.<br />An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers.) An infinitive phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the infinitives in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The man came to confess.<br />2. We should study to learn.<br />3. The girls were waiting to be asked.<br />4. Our neighbor called to apologize.<br />5. I went to the hospital to rest.<br />Answers<br />1. to confess modifies the verb came<br />2. to learn modifies the verb should study<br />3. to be asked modifies the verb were waiting<br />4. to apologize modifies the verb called<br />5. to rest modifies the verb went<br />Lesson 232- Verbals - Adverb Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Adverb infinitives are used to modify verbs. They usually tell why.<br />An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers.) An infinitive phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the infinitive phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. She came to explain the answer.<br />2. The kids went to see the circus.<br />3. On the rough road I drove carefully to prevent any damage.<br />4. I returned a different way to avoid further damage.<br />5. We stopped at a cafe to eat lunch.<br />Answers<br />1. to explain the answer modifies the verb came<br />2. to see the circus modifies the verb went<br />3. to prevent any damage modifies the verb drove<br />4. to avoid further damage modifies the verb returned<br />5. to eat lunch modifies the verb stopped<br />Lesson 233- Verbals - Adverb Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Adverb infinitives are used to modify predicate adjectives.<br />An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers.) An infinitive phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The van is ready to go.<br />2. You are sure to meet him again.<br />3. My horse is hard to catch.<br />4. I am happy to be of service.<br />5. Joan is likely to change her mind.<br />Answers<br />1. to go modifies the predicate adjective ready<br />2. to meet him again modifies the predicate adjective sure<br />3. to catch modifies the predicate adjective hard<br />4. to be of service modifies the predicate adjective happy<br />5. to change her mind modifies the predicate adjective likely<br />Lesson 234- Verbals - Adverb Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Adverb infinitives are used to modify verbs. They usually tell why. Adverb infinitives are used to modify predicate adjectives. They may also be compound.<br />An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers.) An infinitive phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the infinitive phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The actors performed there to entertain and to be seen.<br />2. The amount of danger was impossible to imagine or to describe.<br />3. I have come to ask a favor and to seek your help.<br />4. Are you unable to see or to read the sign?<br />5. The bucking horse jumped high to throw me and to break my neck.<br />Answers<br />1. to entertain/to be seen modify the verb performed<br />2. to imagine/to describe modify the predicate adjective impossible<br />3. to ask a favor/to seek your help modify the verb have come<br />4. to see/to read the sign modify the predicate adjective unable<br />5. to throw me/to break my neck modify the verb jumped<br />Lesson 235- Verbals - Adverb Infinitives<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be used as an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Adverb infinitives are used to modify verbs. They usually tell why. Adverb infinitives are used to modify predicate adjectives. They may also be compound.<br />An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers.) An infinitive phrase that comes at the beginning of the sentence is always followed by a comma and modifies the subject of the sentence.<br />Find the infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The inspector came to check the dam for leaks.<br />2. Fred finally went to work.<br />3. Paul arrived in New York to study physics and to learn more.<br />4. Are you old enough to drive?<br />5. The new soldiers were ready to listen and obey.<br />Answers<br />1. to check the dam for leaks modifies the verb came<br />2. to work modifies the verb went<br />3. to study physics/to learn more modify the verb arrived<br />4. to drive modifies the predicate adjective old<br />5. to listen/(to) obey modify the predicate adjective ready<br />Lessons 231 - 235 Quiz - Verbals - Adverb Infinitives<br />Find the infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences and tell what word they modify.<br />1. The salesman is likely to go and to return in one day.<br />2. The crowd had come to demonstrate against his cruelty.<br />3. I would be happy to help you.<br />4. Frightened by the bear, I was unable to move or run.<br />5. No one came to see the old man.<br />6. The commentator stopped to clarify his statement.<br />7. In this storm it is hard to see.<br />8. The deer returned to eat more from our yard.<br />9. We stopped to view the beautiful sunset.<br />10. I was able to grab the rope and climb to safety.<br />Answers<br />1. to go/to return in one day modify the predicate adjective likely<br />2. to demonstrate against his cruelty modifies the verb had come<br />3. to help you modifies the predicate adjective happy<br />4. to move/(to) run modify the predicate adjective unable<br />5. to see the old man modifies the verb came<br />6. to clarify his statement modifies the verb stopped<br />7. to see modifies the predicate adjective hard<br />8. to eat more from our yard modifies the verb returned<br />9. to view the beautiful sunset modifies the verb stopped<br />10. to grab the rope/(to) climb to safety modify the predicate adjective able<br /><br />Lesson 236 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the gerunds, gerund phrases, participles, participial phrases, infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences, tell what kind of verbal they are, and how they are used.<br />1. To see better, I got new glasses.<br />2. Sometimes I just need to do more.<br />3. Having changed his mind, he turned to go.<br />4. The team winning the match will be given new shirts.<br />5. You can go home only by crossing the street.<br />Answers<br />1. to see better is an adjective infinitive phrase modifying the subject I<br />2. to do more is a noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object<br />3. having changed his mind is a participial phrase modifying the subject he/to go is an adverb infinitive modifying the verb turned<br />4. winning the match is a participial phrase modifying the subject team<br />5. crossing the street is a gerund phrase used as the object of the preposition<br />Lesson 237 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the gerunds, gerund phrases, participles, participial phrases, infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences, tell what kind of verbal they are, and how they are used.<br />1. Signs hung too high can't be read.<br />2. You know my weakness, eating late at night.<br />3. Your weeping and wailing will not change a thing.<br />4. To decorate for the dance will cost too much.<br />5. Do you have a book to read?<br />Answers<br />1. hung too high is a participial phrase modifying the subject signs<br />2. eating late at night is a gerund phrase used as an appositive<br />3. your weeping/wailing are gerunds used as subjects<br />4. to decorate for the dance is a noun infinitive phrase used as the subject<br />5. to read is an adverb infinitive modifying the verb do have<br />Lesson 238 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the gerunds, gerund phrases, participles, participial phrases, infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences, tell what kind of verbal they are, and how they are used.<br />1. Blaming others is not being honest with oneself.<br />2. We do not plan to change the rules.<br />3. Forgetting his promise, Jeff returned home late.<br />4. My dog is too old to learn new tricks.<br />5. One way to improve is regular practice.<br />Answers<br />1. blaming others is a gerund phrase used as the subject<br />2. to change the rules is a noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object<br />3. forgetting his promise is a participial phrase modifying the subject Jeff<br />4. to learn new tricks is an adverb infinitive phrase modifying the predicate adjective old<br />5. to improve is an adjective infinitive modifying the subject way<br />Lesson 239 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the gerunds, gerund phrases, participles, participial phrases, infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences, tell what kind of verbal they are, and how they are used.<br />1. The glancing blow did little damage.<br />2. Go to the dictionary to look for the answer.<br />3. This computer game is easy to play and to understand.<br />4. Have you tried writing it down daily?<br />5. His chief interests are skiing and racing.<br />Answers<br />1. glancing is a participle modifying the subject blow<br />2. to look for the answer is an adverb infinitive phrase modifying the verb go<br />3. to play/to understand are adverb infinitives modifying the predicate adjective easy<br />4. writing it down daily is a gerund phrase used as the direct object<br />5. skiing/racing are gerunds used as predicate nominatives<br />Lesson 240 - Verbals<br />A verbal is a verb form used as some other part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles and infinitives.<br />A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Eating is fun.<br />A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen.<br />An infinitive is to plus a verb form. It can be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten.<br />Find the gerunds, gerund phrases, participles, participial phrases, infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences, tell what kind of verbal they are, and how they are used.<br />1. You are difficult to understand.<br />2. Jack hopes to join the Army next month.<br />3. The Senate favors increasing taxes.<br />4. The broken lamp lay on the floor.<br />5. I saw him trying to open the trunk.<br />Answers<br />1. to understand is an adverb infinitive modifying the predicate adjective difficult<br />2. to join the Army next month is a noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object<br />3. increasing taxes is a gerund phrase used as the direct object<br />4. broken is a participle modifying the subject lamp<br />5. trying to open the trunk is a participial phrase modifying the direct object him/to open the trunk is a noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object to the verbal trying<br />Lessons 235 - 240 Quiz - Verbals<br />Find the gerunds, gerund phrases, participles, participial phrases, infinitives or infinitive phrases in these sentences, tell what kind of verbal they are, and how they are used.<br />1. Are you too busy to help us?<br />2. The crying child rushed to his mother.<br />3. He jumped from the cliff without looking down.<br />4. Walking is good for everyone.<br />5. Jim loves to play basketball.<br />6. Correction by others is hard to take.<br />7. Fearing their enemies, many small animals are nocturnal.<br />8. Law and Order is the program to watch tonight.<br />9. I don't know whether to go or to stay.<br />10. Our next job, to finish the painting, should be easy.<br />Answers<br />1. to help us is an adverb infinitive modifying the predicate adjective busy<br />2. crying is a participle modifying the subject child.<br />3. looking down is a gerund phrase used as the object of the preposition without<br />4. walking is a gerund used as the subject<br />5. to play basketball is a noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object<br />6. to take is an adverb infinitive modifying the predicate adjective hard<br />7. fearing their enemies is a participial phrase modifying the subject animals<br />8. to watch tonight is an adjective infinitive phrase modifying the predicate nominative program<br />9. to go/to stay are noun infinitives used as direct objects<br />10. to finish the painting is a noun infinitive used as an appositive/ painting is a gerund used as the direct object to the verbal to finish<br /><br />Lesson 241 - Verbals Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is a verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />Example: The actors performed there to entertain and to be seen. (performed = verb, actors = subject, the = adjective modifying actors, there = adverb modifying performed, to entertain/to be seen = adv. infinitives modifying performed, and = conjunction)<br />1. I finally bought me a hearing aid to hear better.<br />2. Sometimes I just need to try again.<br />3. Having decided definitely, he stepped onto the train to leave home.<br />4. The person winning the lottery will have a different life.<br />5. You can only reach our place by crossing the river.<br />Answers<br />1. bought = verb, I = subject, finally = adverb modifying bought, me = indirect object, hearing aid = direct object, a = adjective modifying hearing aid, to hear better = adverb infinitive phrase modifying bought, better = adverb modifying to hear<br />2. need = verb, I = subject, sometimes/just = adverbs modifying need, to try again = noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object, again = adverb modifying to try<br />3. stepped = verb, he = subject, having decided definitely = participial phrase modifying he, definitely = adverb modifying having decided, onto the train = prepositional phase modifying stepped, onto = preposition, train = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying train, to leave home = adverb infinitive phrase modifying stepped, home = adverb modifying to leave<br />4. will have = verb, person = subject, the = adjective modifying person, winning the lottery = participial phrase modifying person, lottery = direct object to the verbal winning, the = adjective modifying lottery, life = direct object, a/different = adjectives modifying life<br />5. can reach = verb, you = subject, only = adverb modifying can reach, place = direct object, our = adjective modifying place, by crossing the river = prepositional phrase modifying can reach, by = preposition, crossing the river = gerund phrase used as the object of the preposition, river = direct object to the verbal crossing, the = adjective modifying river<br />Lesson 242 - Verbals Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is a verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />Example: The actors performed there to entertain and to be seen. (performed = verb, actors = subject, the = adjective modifying actors, there = adverb modifying performed, to entertain/to be seen = adv. infinitives modifying performed, and = conjunction)<br />1. Do you have a car to rent?<br />2. Flags hung too high are hard to take down.<br />3. Your moaning and groaning will not make things easier.<br />4. You know my problem, hating too many foods.<br />5. To decorate for the wedding will cost a great deal.<br />Answers<br />1. do have = verb, you = subject, car = direct object, a = adjective modifying car, to rent = adverb infinitive modifying do have<br />2. are = verb, flags = subject, hung too high = participial phrase modifying flags, high = adverb modifying hung, too = adverb modifying high, hard = predicate adjective modifying flags, to take down = adverb infinitive phrase modifying hard, down = adverb modifying to take<br />3. will make = verb, moaning/groaning = gerunds used as subjects, your = adjective modifying moaning/groaning, not = adverb modifying will make, things = direct object, easier = object compliment modifying things<br />4. know = verb. you = subject, problem = direct object, my = adjective modifying problem, hating too many foods = gerund phrase used as appositive, foods = direct object, many = adjective modifying foods, too = adverb modifying many<br />5. will cost = verb, to decorate for the wedding = noun infinitive phrase used as a subject, for the wedding = prepositional phrase modifying to decorate, for = preposition, wedding = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying wedding, deal = direct object, a/great = adjectives modifying deal<br />Lesson 243 - Verbals Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is a verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />Example: The actors performed there to entertain and to be seen. (performed = verb, actors = subject, the = adjective modifying actors, there = adverb modifying performed, to entertain/to be seen = adv. infinitives modifying performed, and = conjunction)<br />1. Blaming others is a coward's way to feel better.<br />2. We do not plan to change the landscape.<br />3. Keeping his promise, Jim was there to help.<br />4. I am too old to learn to ski.<br />5. One way to lose weight is to exercise.<br />Answers<br />1. is = verb, blaming others = gerund phrase used as subject, others = direct object to verbal blaming, way = predicate nominative, a/coward's = adjectives modifying way, to feel better = adjective infinitive phrase modifying way, better = predicate adjective modifying verbal to feel<br />2. do plan = verb, we = subject, not = adverb modifying do plan, to change the landscape = noun infinitive phrase used as a direct object, landscape = direct object to the verbal to change, the = adjective modifying landscape<br />3. was = verb, Jim = subject, keeping his promise = participial phrase modifying Jim, promise = direct object to the verbal keeping, his = adjective modifying promise, there = adverb modifying was, to help = adverb infinitive modifying was<br />4. am = verb, I = subject, old = predicate adjective modifying am, too = adverb modifying old, to learn to ski = adverb infinitive phrase modifying old, to ski = noun infinitive used as the direct object of the verbal to learn<br />5. is = verb, way = subject, one = adjective modifying way, to lose weight = adjective infinite phrase modifying way, weight = direct object to the verbal to lose, to exercise = noun infinitive used as the predicate nominative<br />Lesson 244 - Verbals Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is a verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />Example: The actors performed there to entertain and to be seen. (performed = verb, actors = subject, the = adjective modifying actors, there = adverb modifying performed, to entertain/to be seen = adv. infinitives modifying performed, and = conjunction)<br />1. The ricocheting car flew through the wall of the house.<br />2. Go to the thesaurus to find a better word.<br />3. This computer program is difficult to understand and follow.<br />4. Have you tried writing a letter to him?<br />5. Harold's chief interests are gambling and spending money.<br />Answers<br />1. flew = verb, car = subject, the = adjective modifying car, ricocheting = participle modifying car, through the wall = prepositional phrase modifying flew, through = preposition, wall = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying wall, of the house = prepositional phrase modifying wall, of = preposition, house = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying house<br />2. go = verb, (you) = subject, to the thesaurus = prepositional phrase modifying go, to = preposition, thesaurus = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying thesaurus, to find a better word = adverb infinitive phrase modifying go, word = direct object to the verbal to find, a/better = adjectives modifying word<br />3. is = verb, program = subject, this/computer = adjectives modifying program, difficult = predicate adjective modifying program, to understand/(to) follow = adverb infinitives modifying difficult, and = conjunction<br />4. have tried = verb, you = subject, writing a letter to him = gerund phrase used as direct object, letter = direct object to the verbal writing, a = adjective modifying letter, to him = prepositional phrase modifying writing, to = preposition, him = object of the preposition<br />5. are = verb, interests = subject, Harold's/chief = adjectives modifying interests, gambling/spending money = gerund and a gerund phrase used as predicate nominatives, money = direct object to verbal spending, and = conjunction<br />Lesson 245 - Verbals Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is a verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />Example: The actors performed there to entertain and to be seen. (performed = verb, actors = subject, the = adjective modifying actors, there = adverb modifying performed, to entertain/to be seen = adv. infinitives modifying performed, and = conjunction)<br />1. The rules are hard to remember.<br />2. Carl hopes to have enough time this week.<br />3. The President favors spending more money for welfare.<br />4. The destroyed room left no clues for the police.<br />5. I saw her trying to save the drowning cat.<br />Answers<br />1. are = verb, rules = subject, the = adjective modifying rules, hard = predicate adjective modifying rules, to remember = adverb infinitive modifying hard<br />2. hopes = verb, Carl = subject, to have enough time this week = noun infinitive phrase used as a direct object, time = direct object to verbal to have, enough = adjective modifying time, week = adverb modifying verbal to have, this = adjective modifying week<br />3. favors = verb, President = subject, the = adjective modifying President, spending more money for welfare = gerund phrase used as direct object, money = direct object to the verbal spending, more = adjective modifying money, for welfare = prepositional phrase modifying spending, for = preposition, welfare = object of the preposition<br />4. left = verb, room = subject, the = adjective modifying room, destroyed = participle modifying room, clues = direct object, no = adjective modifying clues, for the police = prepositional phrase modifying clues, for = preposition, police = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying police<br />5. saw = verb, I = subject, her = direct object, trying = participle used as an object compliment, to save the drowning cat = noun infinitive phrase used as a direct object to the verbal trying, cat = direct object to the verbal to save, the = adjective modifying cat, drowning = participle modifying cat<br />Lessons 241 - 245 - Quiz - Verbals Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is a verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />Example: The actors performed there to entertain and to be seen. (performed = verb, actors = subject, the = adjective modifying actors, there = adverb modifying performed, to entertain/to be seen = adv. infinitives modifying performed, and = conjunction)<br />1. Are you too important to help the poor?<br />2. The crying child had upset everyone in the room.<br />3. He jumped across the gap without knowing the distance.<br />4. Exercising is good for everyone.<br />5. Jeff loves to dance constantly.<br />6. Teasing by your friends is hard to take.<br />7. Fearing reprisal, the people fled from the city.<br />8. Eating out is the thing to do tonight.<br />9. I don't know whether to tell him or to keep quiet.<br />10. Our next job, to run to the store, should be done quickly.<br />Answers<br />1. are = verb, you = subject, important = predicate adjective modifying you, too = adverb modifying important, to help the poor = adverb infinitive phrase modifying important, poor = direct object to the verbal to help, the = adjective modifying poor<br />2. had upset = verb, child = subject, the = adjective modifying child, crying = participle modifying child, everyone = direct object, in the room = prepositional phrase modifying everyone, in = preposition, room = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying room<br />3. jumped = verb, he = subject, across the gap = prepositional phrase modifying jumped, across = preposition, gap = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying gap, without knowing the distance = prepositional phrase modifying jumped, without = preposition, knowing = gerund used as the object of the preposition, distance = direct object of the verbal knowing, the = adjective modifying distance<br />4. is = verb, exercising = gerund used as the subject, good = predicate adjective modifying exercising, for everyone = prepositional phrase modifying good, for = preposition, everyone = object of the preposition<br />5. loves = verb, Jeff = subject, to dance constantly = noun infinitive phrase used as a direct object, constantly = adverb modifying to dance<br />6. is = verb, teasing by your friends = gerund phrase used as the subject, by your friends = prepositional phrase modifying teasing, by = preposition, friends = object of the preposition, your = adjective modifying friends, hard = predicate adjective modifying teasing, to take = adverb infinitive modifying hard<br />7. fled = verb, people = subject, the = adjective modifying people, fearing reprisal = participial phrase modifying people, reprisal = direct object to the verbal fearing, from the city = prepositional phrase modifying fled, from = preposition, city = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying city<br />8. is = verb, eating out = gerund phrase used as a subject, out = adverb modifying the verbal eating, thing = predicate nominative, the = adjective modifying thing, to do tonight = adjective infinitive phrase modifying thing, tonight = adverb modifying to do<br />9. do know = verb, I = subject, n't = adverb modifying do know, whether/or = correlative conjunction, to tell him/to keep quiet = noun infinitive phrases used as direct objects, him = direct object to the verbal to tell, quiet = adverb modifying to keep<br />10. should be done = verb, job = subject, our/next = adjectives modifying job, to run to the store = noun infinitive phrase used as an appositive, to the store = prepositional phrase modifying to run, to = preposition, store = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying store, quickly = adverb modifying should be done<br /><br />Lesson 246 - Compound Sentences<br />A clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is always used as some part of speech. It can be an adjective, adverb, or noun. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.<br />A phrase is a group of words used as a sentence part. It does not have a subject and a verb. It can be a noun, adjective or adverb. We have studied the following phrases: prepositional, gerund, participial, and infinitive.<br />A compound sentence combines two or more independent clauses. Commas separate the clauses of a compound sentence. (A short sentence joined by and is sometimes combined without a comma.) Example: She talks and he listens. A semicolon can take the place of the conjunction and comma. Only clauses closely related in thought should be joined to make a compound sentence.<br />Tell whether each group of words is a clause or a phrase.<br />1. Before the gate broke<br />2. After having eaten<br />3. In answer to your question<br />4. How I will mark the reports<br />5. Made of sweat and blood<br />6. Upon whom the blame lies<br />7. By remaining totally still<br />8. Why did you stop<br />9. After everyone ceased shouting<br />10. To take me home<br />Answers<br />1. clause<br />2. phrase<br />3. phrase<br />4. clause<br />5. phrase<br />6. clause<br />7. phrase<br />8. clause<br />9. clause<br />10. phrase<br />Lesson 247 - Compound Sentences<br />A clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is always used as some part of speech. It can be an adjective, adverb, or noun. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.<br />A phrase is a group of words used as a sentence part. It does not have a subject and a verb. It can be a noun, adjective or adverb. We have studied the following phrases: prepositional, gerund, participial, and infinitive.<br />A compound sentence combines two or more independent clauses. Commas separate the clauses of a compound sentence. (A short sentence joined by and is sometimes combined without a comma.) Example: She talks and he listens. A semicolon can take the place of the conjunction and comma. Only clauses closely related in thought should be joined to make a compound sentence.<br />Tell if the following sentences are good combinations.<br />1. Mr. Jones is a very short man, but he walks with an air of authority.<br />2. Today has been very warm, and I have some English lessons to write.<br />3. I have again been to Mexico, but I don't expect to return soon.<br />4. My dog is a short, stupid-looking dog, but he is very smart.<br />5. The mail comes about noon each day, and I need to weed the flowers.<br />Answers<br />1. a good combination<br />2. a poor combination<br />3. a good combination<br />4. a good combination<br />5. a poor combination<br />Lesson 248 - Compound Sentences<br />A clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is always used as some part of speech. It can be an adjective, adverb, or noun. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.<br />A phrase is a group of words used as a sentence part. It does not have a subject and a verb. It can be a noun, adjective or adverb. We have studied the following phrases: prepositional, gerund, participial, and infinitive.<br />A compound sentence combines two or more independent clauses. Commas separate the clauses of a compound sentence. (A short sentence joined by and is sometimes combined without a comma.) Example: She talks and he listens. A semicolon can take the place of the conjunction and comma. Only clauses closely related in thought should be joined to make a compound sentence.<br />The conjunction should express the proper relationship between the clauses. And joins ideas of equal importance. Or joins clauses that express alternatives. Nor joins negative ideas together. But joins clauses that express contrasting ideas.<br />Combine the following sentences using the appropriate co-ordinate conjunctions, and, but, or, nor.<br />1. Mother wanted to watch the movie. Dad wanted to see the wrestling.<br />2. You must remember your password. You cannot log on.<br />3. I wanted to walk across the river. The ice was too thin.<br />4. It was a warm, beautiful day. My desires matched the day perfectly.<br />5. You did not help you brother. He doesn't expect you to help him.<br />Answers<br />1. Mother wanted to watch the movie, but Dad wanted to see the wrestling.<br />2. You must remember your password, or you cannot log on.<br />3. I wanted to walk across the river, but the ice was too thin.<br />4. It was a warm, beautiful day, and my desires matched the day perfectly.<br />5. You did not help your brother, nor does he expect you to do so.<br />Lesson 249 - Compound Sentences<br />A clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is always used as some part of speech. It can be an adjective, adverb, or noun. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.<br />A phrase is a group of words used as a sentence part. It does not have a subject and a verb. It can be a noun, adjective or adverb. We have studied the following phrases: prepositional, gerund, participial, and infinitive.<br />A compound sentence combines two or more independent clauses. Commas separate the clauses of a compound sentence. (A short sentence joined by and is sometimes combined without a comma.) Example: She talks and he listens. A semicolon can take the place of the conjunction and comma. Only clauses closely related in thought should be joined to make a compound sentence.<br />The conjunction should express the proper relationship between the clauses. And joins ideas of equal importance. Or joins clauses that express alternatives. Nor joins negative ideas together. But joins clauses that express contrasting ideas.<br />Do not confuse a compound sentence with a simple sentence having compound parts. Both sides of the conjunction will make sense in a compound sentence. Example: Mother baked a cake / and / I frosted it.<br />Tell whether the following sentences are compound sentences or not. If they are not, tell which compound part they are.<br />1. The girl just sat there but said nothing.<br />2. I looked for the book, but I could not find it.<br />3. Jeff must have arrived safely, or we would have been notified.<br />4. One of my friends and his dad have flown to Brazil.<br />5. Everyone was playing or swimming in the pool.<br />6. Suddenly the rain poured down, and the party was ruined.<br />7. We will vacation in the Black Hills or at Waterton.<br />8. I haven't heard from Becky, nor do I expect a call soon.<br />9. I climbed the tree and looked in the bird's nest.<br />10. She planned to read the letter, but it could not be found.<br />Answers<br />1. compound verb<br />2. compound sentence<br />3. compound sentence<br />4. compound subject<br />5. compound verb<br />6. compound sentence<br />7. compound object of the preposition<br />8. compound sentence<br />9. compound verb<br />10. compound sentence<br />Lesson 250 - Compound Sentences<br />A clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is always used as some part of speech. It can be an adjective, adverb, or noun. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.<br />A phrase is a group of words used as a sentence part. It does not have a subject and a verb. It can be a noun, adjective or adverb. We have studied the following phrases: prepositional, gerund, participial, and infinitive.<br />A compound sentence combines two or more independent clauses. Commas separate the clauses of a compound sentence. (A short sentence joined by and is sometimes combined without a comma.) Example: She talks and he listens. A semicolon can take the place of the conjunction and comma. Only clauses closely related in thought should be joined to make a compound sentence.<br />Tell whether the words in quotation marks are independent clauses, dependent clauses, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, gerund phrases, or infinitive phrases.<br />1. "When I received the email," I knew it was "not to be opened."<br />2. When you go to the store, "buy some ice cream and cookies."<br />3. The vase must have been broken "by the grandchildren."<br />4. "Having been left alone," the boy jumped at every noise.<br />5. "Planning a successful wedding" requires lots of work.<br />Answers<br />1. When I received the email = dependent clause, not to be opened = infinitive phrase<br />2. buy some ice cream and cookies = independent clause<br />3. by the grandchildren = prepositional phrase<br />4. Having been left alone = participial phrase<br />5. Planning a successful wedding = gerund phrase<br />Lessons 246 - 250 Quiz - Compound Sentences<br />Tell whether the words in quotation marks are independent clauses, dependent clauses, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, gerund phrases, or infinitive phrases.<br />1. Do not leave for help "until I signal you."<br />2. "Here are the plants" that you wanted.<br />3. I remained "staring at the damage" when help arrived.<br />4. "Having learned the outcome," I was at a loss "to know what to do."<br />5. The neighbors stared "at me" in unbelief.<br />Combine the following sentences with the appropriate co-ordinate conjunctions.<br />6. I turned on my radio. There was no sound.<br />7. The storm had ended. The sun peaked out from the clouds.<br />8. I did not attend the meeting. John didn't either.<br />9. You must leave soon. You will be late for class.<br />10. A phrase has neither a verb nor a subject. The clause has both.<br />Answers<br />1. until I signal you = dependent clause<br />2. Here are the plants = independent clause<br />3. staring at the damage = participial phrase<br />4. Having learned the outcome = participial phrase, to know what to do = infinitive phrase<br />5. at me = prepositional phrase<br />6. I turned on the radio, but there was no sound.<br />7. The storm had ended, and the sun peaked out from the clouds.<br />8. I did not attend the meeting, nor did John.<br />9. You must leave soon, or you will be late for class.<br />10. A phrase has neither a verb nor a subject, but the clause has both.<br /><br />Lesson 251 - Adjective Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. In whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person, the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />Find the adjective clause in the following sentences and tell which word it modifies.<br />1. I play a kind of music that nobody likes.<br />2. The man whom you saw was not the famous actor.<br />3. I remember the day when I took my first airplane ride.<br />4. I have a neighbor whose parents live in Australia.<br />5. The hint that I learned about cleaning the walk saved me much work.<br />Answers<br />1. that nobody likes modifies either music or kind (a prepositional phrase can separate the introductory word from the word it modifies)<br />2. whom you saw modifies man<br />3. when I took my first airplane ride modifies day<br />4. whose parents live in Australia modifies neighbor<br />5. that I learned about cleaning the walk modifies hint<br />Lesson 252 - Adjective Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. In whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person, the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />Find the adjective clause in the following sentences and tell which word it modifies.<br />1. The singer that you see on stage is my sister.<br />2. The owner is a woman by whom many things have been accomplished.<br />3. The teacher who gives the girls piano lessons lives next door.<br />4. The man whose leg was broken was taken to the hospital.<br />5. This is the place where the Donner Party perished.<br />Answers<br />1. that you see on stage modifies singer<br />2. by whom many things have been accomplished modifies woman<br />3. who gives the girls piano lessons modifies teacher<br />4. whose leg was broken modifies man<br />5. where the Donner Party perished modifies place<br />Lesson 253 - Adjective Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. In whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person, the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />Find the adjective clause in the following sentences and tell which word it modifies.<br />1. The ride that we rode at the amusement park was very scary.<br />2. Here is the place where the plane wrecked.<br />3. The diamond in that ring that Mark bought was gigantic.<br />4. The dress that the Queen is wearing weighs fifty pounds.<br />5. The student whose hand was raised shouted out the answer.<br />Answers<br />1. that we rode at the amusement park modifies ride<br />2. where the plane wrecked modifies place<br />3. that Mark bought modifies ring<br />4. that the Queen is wearing modifies dress<br />5. whose hand was raised modifies student<br />Lesson 254 - Adjective Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. In whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person, the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />Find the adjective clause in the following sentences and tell which word it modifies.<br />1. Will you thaw the pizza that is in the freezer?<br />2. I am looking for the person who owns this car.<br />3. I remember well the time when I broke my leg.<br />4. I want to ride a horse which is very tame.<br />5. We must find a person whose honesty is above reproach.<br />Answers<br />1. that is in the freezer modifies pizza<br />2. who owns this car modifies person<br />3. when I broke my leg modifies time<br />4. which is very tame modifies horse<br />5. whose honesty is above reproach modifies person<br />Lesson 255 - Adjective Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. In whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person, the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />Find the adjective clause in the following sentences and tell which word it modifies.<br />1. This is a matter about which there was much discussion.<br />2. It is the man on your left who will be the next principal.<br />3. The car whose license plate I could not read sped quickly away.<br />4. Did you find the opening where the sheep got through?<br />5. The man whom you admire greatly will be the next speaker.<br />Answers<br />1. about which there was much discussion modifies matter<br />2. who will be the next principal modifies man (prepositional phrase again separating the word renamed)<br />3. whose license plate I could not read modifies car<br />4. where the sheep got through modifies opening<br />5. whom you admire greatly modifies man<br />Lesson 251 - 255 Quiz - Adjective Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. In whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person, the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />Find the adjective clause in the following sentences and tell which word it modifies.<br />1. I like a leader who listens to his men.<br />2. The dog which I loved dearly was hit by a truck last night.<br />3. Rulon is a person who takes responsibility well.<br />4. All individuals who purchased tickets will be admitted.<br />5. The shirt that you bought me doesn't fit well.<br />6. The woman who baked the winning pie is my wife.<br />7. You called at a time when I was unable to answer.<br />8. Gayle is the one for whom you are looking.<br />9. Those who are willing to serve others will be rewarded.<br />10. One to whom much is given is expected to give much in return.<br />Answers<br />1. who listens to his men modifies leader<br />2. which I loved dearly modifies dog<br />3. who takes responsibility well modifies person<br />4. who purchased tickets modifies individuals<br />5. that you bought me modifies shirt<br />6. who baked the winning pie modifies woman<br />7. when I was unable to answer modifies time<br />8. for whom you are looking modifies one<br />9. who are willing to serve others modifies those<br />10. to whom much is given modifies one<br /><br />Lesson 256 - Adjective Clauses<br />Using the various kinds of clauses as with the use of the verbals can give variety to your sentences. Adjective clauses can be used that way.<br />Combine the following sentences using an adjective clause using the introductory words who, whose, whom, which, that, when and where.<br />1. The doctor examined the patient. The patient had fallen from a cliff.<br />2. The mechanic repaired my sister's car. The car had a warped block.<br />3. The restaurant had closed permanently. The customers were shot there.<br />4. The day was a wonderful day. Terri was married on that day.<br />5. The parents had great respect for the teacher. The teacher had taught their children.<br />Answers<br />1. The doctor examined the patient who had fallen from a cliff.<br />2. The mechanic repaired my sister's car that had a warped block.<br />3. The restaurant where the customers were shot had closed permanently.<br />4. The day was a wonderful day when Terri was married.<br />5. The parents had great respect for the teacher who had taught their children.<br />Lesson 257 - Adjective Clauses<br />Using the various kinds of clauses as with the use of the verbals can give variety to your sentences. Adjective clauses can be used that way.<br />Combine the following sentences using an adjective clause using the introductory words who, whose, whom, which, that, when and where.<br />1. They followed the strange man. He had just come from the dark alley.<br />2. The lot is covered with salt grass. We play baseball there.<br />3. A minute passed in complete silence. Terri announced her wedding plans then.<br />4. The newspaper had been delivered late. It is the one I receive.<br />5. I bought Jim a book. The book is about magic.<br />Answers<br />1. They followed the strange man who had just come from the dark alley.<br />2. The lot where we play baseball is covered with salt grass.<br />3. A minute when Terri announced her wedding plans passed in complete silence.<br />4. The newspaper that I receive had been delivered late.<br />5. I bought Jim a book which is about magic.<br />Lesson 258 - Adjective Clauses<br />Using the various kinds of clauses as with the use of the verbals can give variety to your sentences. Adjective clauses can be used that way.<br />Combine the following sentences using an adjective clause using the introductory words who, whose, whom, which, that, when and where.<br />1. The school has been closed. The students were exposed to asbestos there.<br />2. The clinic processed the MRI. The MRI showed my back problem.<br />3. Joe contacted the artist. The artist was going to paint his portrait.<br />4. The hour went by very slowly. We were waiting for their arrival.<br />5. The children were lost there. I found them in the woods.<br />Answers<br />1. The school where the students were exposed to asbestos has been closed.<br />2. The clinic processed the MRI which showed my back problem.<br />3. Joe contacted the artist that was going to paint his portrait.<br />4. The hour when we were waiting for their arrival went by very slowly.<br />5. The children whom I found in the woods were lost there.<br />Lesson 259 - Adjective Clauses<br />In using an adjective clause, you should always place it as near to the word it modifies as possible. If you misplace the adjective clause, it makes a ridiculous sentence or one that is unclear. Examples: (incorrect) = I waved to my dog from the car that had just licked my face. (The car did not lick my face; the dog did.) (correct) = From the car I waved to my dog that had just licked my face. (Now the clause is as close as it can be to the word it modifies. That is next to dog.)<br />Rewrite the following sentences placing the adjective clause in the correct place.<br />1. They drove to the lake in their new car where they love to fish for bass.<br />2. The large limousine pulled up to the curb which was loaded with students for the prom.<br />3. The new tricycle was smashed on the driveway that had been delivered yesterday.<br />4. We showed the pictures to our friends that we had taken at the wedding.<br />5. We caught several fish with the new bait which we cooked for dinner.<br />Answers<br />1. They drove in their new car to the lake where they love to fish for bass.<br />2. The large limousine which was loaded with students for the prom pulled up to the curb.<br />3. The new tricycle that had been delivered yesterday was smashed on the driveway.<br />4. We showed to our friends the pictures that we had taken at the wedding.<br />5. We caught with the new bait several fish which we cooked for dinner.<br />Lesson 260 - Adjective Clauses<br />In using an adjective clause, you should always place it as near to the word it modifies as possible. If you misplace the adjective clause, it makes a ridiculous sentence or one that is unclear. Examples: (incorrect) = I waved to my dog from the car that had just licked my face. (The car did not lick my face; the dog did.) (correct) = From the car I waved to my dog that had just licked my face. (Now the clause is as close as it can be to the word it modifies. That is next to dog.)<br />Rewrite the following sentences placing the adjective clause in the correct place.<br />1. The tall man was stopped by a police officer who had been acting suspiciously.<br />2. We found the key under the couch that had been lost.<br />3. She took the letter to the post office which she had written earlier.<br />4. The rosebush is next to a weedy lot that is very beautiful.<br />5. The tanker sailed into the harbor which was carrying a load of oil.<br />Answers<br />1. The tall man who had been acting suspiciously was stopped by a police officer.<br />2. We found the key that had been lost under the couch.<br />3. She took the letter which she had written earlier to the post office.<br />4. The rosebush that is very beautiful is next to a weedy lot.<br />5. The tanker which was carrying a load of oil sailed into the harbor.<br />Lessons 256 - 260 Quiz - Adjective Clauses<br />Combine the following sentences using an adjective clause using the introductory words who, whose, whom, which, that, when and where.<br />1. The occasion was a momentous one for all. All the family were together at last.<br />2. The site has several steep slopes. The million-dollar home will be built there.<br />3. The time was very exciting. Our team won the championship.<br />4. The author wrote the novel. He received a Pulitzer Prize.<br />5. I recall the time. There was no freeway to Salt Lake City then.<br />Rewrite the following sentences placing the adjective clause in the correct place.<br />6. The little dog was running behind the boy that was growling and barking fiercely.<br />7. The trunk of the passenger was placed on the train which was covered with travel stickers.<br />8. A dog ran onto the football field which looked like the team mascot.<br />9. The car is now in our garage that was in a wreck yesterday.<br />10. The crickets were the targets of our poison bait which were destroying our crops.<br />Answers<br />1. The occasion when all the family were together at last was a momentous one for all.<br />2. The site where the million-dollar home will be built has several steep slopes.<br />3. The time when our team won the championship was very exciting.<br />4. The author who received a Pulitzer Prize wrote the novel.<br />5. I recall the time when there was no freeway to Salt Lake City.<br />6. The little dog that was growling and barking fiercely was running behind the boy.<br />7. The passenger's trunk which was covered with travel stickers was placed on the train.<br />8. A dog which looked like the team mascot ran onto the football field.<br />9. The car that was in a wreck yesterday is now in our garage.<br />10. The crickets which were destroying our crops were the targets of our poison bait.<br /><br />Lesson 261 - Adverb Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. You clean the bathroom while I clean the carpet.<br />2. Ann was confident that she would play the best.<br />3. Bring in the toys before they get destroyed.<br />4. I stood on the box so that I could see the top of the shelf.<br />5. Your face becomes red when you are angry.<br />Answers<br />1. while I clean the carpet modifies the verb clean<br />2. that she would play the best modifies the predicate adjective confident<br />3. before they get destroyed modifies the verb bring<br />4. so that I could see the top of the shelf modifies the verb stood<br />5. when you are angry modifies the verb becomes<br />Lesson 262 - Adverb Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />Sometimes the adverb clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence. When it introduces the sentence, it is always set off with a comma. Example: Before the game had ended, they arrived.<br />Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. When you came from the garage, did you see the mower there?<br />2. Because the field was muddy, the game had to be cancelled.<br />3. Although you should return to class, just wait here for me.<br />4. As I sat motionless, the two squirrels came closer and closer.<br />5. Since I can spare only a few minutes, please be brief with your presentation.<br />Answers<br />1. When you came from the garage modifies the verb did see<br />2. Because the field was muddy modifies the verbal to be cancelled<br />3. Although you should return to class modifies the verb wait<br />4. As I sat motionless modifies the verb came<br />5. Since I can spare only a few minutes modifies the predicate adjective brief<br />Lesson 263 - Adverb Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />Sometimes the adverb clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence. When it introduces the sentence, it is always set off with a comma. Example: Before the game had ended, they arrived.<br />Than and as introduce clauses that are called elliptical clauses. That is they have some of their parts understood but not stated. Example: You are smarter than I. (am smart.) They always modify the comparative word (smarter).<br />Complete the elliptical adverb clauses in the following sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. My dog is older than I.<br />2. Jim can run faster than Jeff.<br />3. Pam spells more accurately than she keyboards.<br />4. He is trying as hard as James.<br />5. Barbara is a better tennis player than Jeanne.<br />Answers<br />1. My dog is older than I am old. than I am old modifies the predicate adjective older<br />2. Jim can run faster than Jeff can run fast. than Jeff can run fast modifies the adverb faster<br />3. Pam spells more accurately than she keyboards accurately. than she keyboards accurately modifies the adverb accurately<br />4. He is trying as hard as James is trying hard. as James is trying hard modifies the adverb hard<br />5. Barbara is a better tennis player than Jeanne is a good tennis player. than Jeanne is a good tennis player modifies the adjective better<br />Lesson 264 - Adverb Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />Sometimes the adverb clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence. When it introduces the sentence, it is always set off with a comma. Example: Before the game had ended, they arrived.<br />Than and as introduce clauses that are called elliptical clauses. That is they have some of their parts understood but not stated. Example: You are smarter than I. (am smart.) They always modify the comparative word (smarter).<br />Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. Although I became tired, I enjoyed the hike.<br />2. You cannot become an expert driver until you drive for several years.<br />3. Buy that coat now because it might be sold tomorrow.<br />4. I cannot reach the top window unless I have a ladder.<br />5. After you have eaten lunch, we will leave for New York.<br />Answers<br />1. Although I became tired modifies the verb enjoyed<br />2. until you drive for several years modifies the verb can become<br />3. because it might be sold tomorrow modifies the verb buy<br />4. unless I have a ladder modifies the verb can reach<br />5. After you have eaten lunch modifies the verb will leave<br />Lesson 265 - Adverb Clauses<br />A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Example: The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adjective clause, adverb clause and noun clause.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />Sometimes the adverb clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence. When it introduces the sentence, it is always set off with a comma. Example: Before the game had ended, they arrived.<br />Than and as introduce clauses that are called elliptical clauses. That is they have some of their parts understood but not stated. Example: You are smarter than I. (am smart.) They always modify the comparative word (smarter).<br />Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. Ila reads music better than Becky.<br />2. The dog whined sadly as I walked into the house.<br />3. If you have time, finish doing the dishes for me.<br />4. Many operations are unsuccessful because the patient is not careful afterwards.<br />5. Whenever I go out the door, the dog barks to go also.<br />Answers<br />1. than Becky (can read music well) modifies the adverb better<br />2. as I walked into the house modifies the verb whined<br />3. If you have time modifies the verb finish<br />4. because the patient in not careful afterwards modifies the predicate adjective unsuccessful<br />5. Whenever I go out the door modifies the verb barks<br />Lessons 261 - 265 Quiz - Adverb Clauses<br />Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences and tell what they modify.<br />1. I am hungrier than I thought.<br />2. We left before the game was over.<br />3. Lee is older than Bill.<br />4. While I was waiting for the phone call, I read a book.<br />5. If you don't believe me, ask my wife.<br />6. Are you upset because I didn't call?<br />7. The alarm rang while I was in the shower.<br />8. Open the window so that we can have some fresh air.<br />9. Paul will take you home when you are ready.<br />10. You shouldn't say those things unless you are certain about their validity.<br />Answers<br />1. than I thought modifies the predicate adjective hungrier<br />2. before the game was over modifies the verb left<br />3. than Bill (is old) modifies the predicate adjective older<br />4. While I was waiting for the phone call modifies the verb read<br />5. If you don't believe me modifies the verb ask<br />6. because I didn't call modifies the predicate adjective upset<br />7. while I was in the shower modifies the verb rang<br />8. so that we can have some fresh air modifies the verb open<br />9. when you are ready modifies the verb will take<br />10. unless you are certain about their validity modifies the verb should say<br /><br />Lesson 266 - Adverb Clauses<br />Adverb clauses like adjective clauses can give variety to your sentences.<br />Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the end of the sentence.<br />1. We watched the robins. They raised their young in our apple tree.<br />2. Becky read the book. It was recommended by a friend.<br />3. Dad donates his suits to charity. He has worn them a year.<br />4. The policemen delayed the drivers. The wrecks were cleared.<br />5. Ann ate an apple. She studied her vocabulary.<br />Answers<br />Several different subordinate conjunctions can be used to combine adverb clauses with independent clauses, but I will only show one possibility.<br />1. We watched the robins while they raised their young in our apple tree.<br />2. Becky read the book since it was recommended by a friend.<br />3. Dad donates his suits to charity after he has worn them a year.<br />4. The policemen delayed the drivers until the wrecks were cleared.<br />5. Ann ate an apple as she studied her vocabulary.<br />Lesson 267 - Adverb Clauses<br />Adverb clauses like adjective clauses can give variety to your sentences.<br />Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the beginning of the sentence.<br />1. Frank started medical training. He drove a forklift for a living.<br />2. The rains had started the mud slides. The homes were not safe to live in.<br />3. Older people love to sit in the park. They feed the birds and visit.<br />4. I enjoyed camping out. I was much younger.<br />5. Joe recognized the man. The man had stopped his car to help.<br />Answers<br />Several different subordinate conjunctions can be used to combine adverb clauses with independent clauses, but I will only show one possibility.<br />1. Before Frank started medical training, he drove a forklift for a living.<br />2. Because the rains had started the mud slides, the homes were not safe to live in.<br />3. While they feed the birds and visit, older people love to sit in the park.<br />4. When I was much younger, I enjoyed camping out.<br />5. After the man had stopped his car to help, Joe recognized him.<br />Lesson 268 - Adverb Clauses<br />Adverb clauses like adjective clauses can give variety to your sentences. Sometimes we find adverb clauses that have left some words out. They are called reduced adverb clauses. Example: While (she was) speaking to the timid student, the teacher spoke slowly.<br />Reduce the adverb clauses in these sentences.<br />1. While he was watching the geese, he saw the fox.<br />2. Richard got a thorn in his finger when he was pruning the roses.<br />3. The cat meowed loudly after it searched for a way into the house.<br />4. Although the man feared being ostracized, he continued helping everyone.<br />5. Will measured the board again before he made his final cut.<br />Answers<br />1. While watching the geese, he saw the fox.<br />2. Richard got a thorn in his finger when pruning the roses.<br />3. The cat meowed loudly after searching for a way into the house.<br />4. Although fearing being ostracized, the man continued helping everyone.<br />5. Will measured the board again before making his final cut.<br />Lesson 269 - Adverb Clauses<br />Adverb clauses like adjective clauses can give variety to your sentences. Sometimes we find adverb clauses that have left some words out. They are called reduced adverb clauses. Example: While (she was) speaking to the timid student, the teacher spoke slowly.<br />Rewrite the following reduced adverb clauses adding the missing words.<br />1. After hearing the terrible noise, they ran for their lives.<br />2. The customer paid for his groceries when passing through the check out stand.<br />3. Allen is only happy while participating in an argument.<br />4. Before leaving for the hike, the boy scouts were warned about snakes.<br />5. Until watering the lawn in the morning, he didn't see the dandelions in it.<br />Answers<br />1. After they had heard the terrible noise, they ran for their lives.<br />2. The customer paid for his groceries when he passed through the check out stand.<br />3. Allen is only happy while he is participating in an argument.<br />4. Before they left for the hike, the boy scouts were warned about snakes.<br />5. Until he had watered the lawn in the morning, he didn't see the dandelions in it.<br />Lesson 270 - Adverb Clauses<br />Adverb clauses like adjective clauses can give variety to your sentences. Sometimes we find adverb clauses that have left some words out. They are called reduced adverb clauses. Example: While (she was) speaking to the timid student, the teacher spoke slowly.<br />Find the adverb clauses in these sentences and tell what word they modify. If it is a reduced adverb clause or elliptical adverb clause add the missing words.<br />1. You act as if I enjoy punishing you.<br />2. The contractor roughened the concrete while it was still wet.<br />3. My sister is smarter than I.<br />4. The manager talked with the workers after listening to their suggestions.<br />5. Before returning to work, he ate his lunch.<br />Answers<br />1. as if I enjoy punishing you modifies the verb act<br />2. while it was still wet modifies the verb roughened<br />3. than I (am smart) modifies the predicate adjective smarter<br />4. after (he had listened) to their suggestions modifies the verb talked<br />5. Before (he returned) to work modifies the verb ate<br />Lessons 266 - 270 Quiz - Adverb Clauses<br />Find the adverb clauses in these sentences and tell what word they modify. If it is a reduced adverb clause or elliptical adverb clause add the missing words.<br />1. You seem very happy when you help other people.<br />2. While you wait, we will detail your car.<br />3. I am happier than I ever was before.<br />4. That horse is more obstinate than a mule.<br />5. After seeing the final act, the audience applauded enthusiastically.<br />6. The woman took notes while being taught to cook with broccoli.<br />7. Ben fields baseballs better than he hits.<br />8. Although never having held office, the candidate decided to run for governor.<br />9. As the lions approached the carcass, the cheetahs retreated once more.<br />10. While eating, I choked on a bone.<br />Answers<br />1. when you help other people modifies the predicate adjective happy<br />2. While you wait modifies the verb will detail<br />3. than I ever was (happy) before modifies the predicate adjective happier<br />4. than a mule (is obstinate) modifies the predicate adjective obstinate<br />5. After (they saw) the final act modifies the verb applauded<br />6. while (she was) being taught to cook with broccoli modifies the verb took<br />7. than he hits (baseballs well) modifies the adverb better<br />8. Although (he had) never held office modifies the verb decided<br />9. As the lions approached the carcass modifies the verb retreated<br />10. While (I was) eating modifies the verb choked<br /><br />Lesson 271 - Noun Clauses<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell how they are used. (Subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition)<br />1. One should profit from what he sees and learns.<br />2. Her idea that I hire you was a very good one.<br />3. We wonder what your plans for the trip are.<br />4. My hope is that we may visit in Boston.<br />5. Why you did not hire me is hard to comprehend.<br />Answers<br />1. what he sees and learns = object of the preposition<br />2. that I hire you = appositive<br />3. what your plans for the trip are = direct object<br />4. that we may visit in Boston = predicate nominative<br />5. Why you did not hire me = subject<br />Lesson 272 - Noun Clauses<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell how they are used. (Subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition)<br />1. I do not know where he is going to stay.<br />2. How rich I am should concern no one except me.<br />3. That I should get a haircut is Mother's idea.<br />4. I wonder where my shoes are.<br />5. The money goes to whoever wins the race.<br />Answers<br />1. where he is going to stay = direct object<br />2. How rich I am = subject<br />3. That I should get a haircut = subject<br />4. where my shoes are = direct object<br />5. whoever wins the race = object of the preposition<br />Lesson 273 - Noun Clauses<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell how they are used. (Subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition)<br />1. Jeff's plea that he might buy a car was denied.<br />2. Give whoever calls first the prize.<br />3. Do you know why those people are protesting?<br />4. His excuse is that he was ill this morning.<br />5. Send on this secret mission whoever is the best qualified.<br />Answers<br />1. that he might buy a car = appositive<br />2. whoever calls first = indirect object<br />3. why those people are protesting = direct object<br />4. that he was ill this morning = predicate nominative<br />5. whoever is the best qualified = direct object<br />Lesson 274 - Noun Clauses<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell how they are used. (Subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition)<br />1. That he is an honest man cannot be denied.<br />2. Give whoever can prove ownership the money.<br />3. I have no opinion about who caused the problem.<br />4. He knows that he should be long-suffering.<br />5. A short vacation is what the family is planning.<br />Answers<br />1. That he is an honest man = subject<br />2. whoever can prove ownership = indirect object<br />3. who caused the problem = object of the preposition<br />4. that he should be long-suffering = direct object<br />5. what the family is planning = predicate nominative<br />Lesson 275 - Noun Clauses<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell how they are used. (Subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition)<br />1. We will send the money to whoever asks for it.<br />2. Do you know how dynamite is made?<br />3. My hope that we visit Mount Rushmore is now a family idea.<br />4. His difficulty is that he cannot read.<br />5. Whoever said that is totally incorrect.<br />Answers<br />1. whoever asks for it = object of the preposition<br />2. how dynamite is made = direct object<br />3. that we visit Mount Rushmore = appositive<br />4. that he cannot read = predicate nominative<br />5. Whoever said that = subject<br />Lessons 271 - 275 Quiz - Noun Clauses<br />Find the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell how they are used. (Subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition)<br />1. How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.<br />2. My feeling is that the robbery was an inside job.<br />3. Everyone is wondering how he could just disappear.<br />4. The news that he had escaped frightened the whole town.<br />5. The police have offered whoever finds the stolen diamonds a reward.<br />6. The family has had no word about where he might be.<br />7. That we were ready to go was a miracle.<br />8. Give whoever wants to go a ride to the game.<br />9. That you are losing ground was evident from the polls.<br />10. Whoever injured the handicapped woman must be feeling guilty.<br />Answers<br />1. How the prisoner escaped = subject<br />2. that the robbery was an inside job = predicate nominative<br />3. how he could just disappear = direct object<br />4. that he had escaped = appositive<br />5. whoever finds the stolen diamonds = indirect object<br />6. where he might be = object of the preposition<br />7. That we were ready to go = subject<br />8. whoever wants to go = indirect object<br />9. That you are losing ground = subject<br />10. Whoever injured the handicapped woman = subject<br /><br />Lesson 276 - Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. Whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used the same ways as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the adjective, adverb or noun clauses in these sentences. If it is an adjective or adverb clause, tell which word it modifies, and if it is a noun clause, tell if it is used as the subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition.<br />1. Donna is my mother-in-law who died several years ago.<br />2. Atlantic City is where the Boardwalk is located.<br />3. The man had another back operation because he ruptured another disk.<br />4. A nurse can find a job wherever she goes.<br />5. Now I understand why you didn't want to attend.<br />Answers<br />1. who died several year ago = adjective clause modifying the predicate nominative mother-in-law<br />2. where the Boardwalk is located = noun clause used as the predicate nominative<br />3. because he ruptured another disk = adverb clause modifying the verb had<br />4. wherever she goes = adverb clause modifying the verb can find<br />5. why you didn't want to attend = noun clause used as the direct object<br />Lesson 277 - Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. Whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used the same ways as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the adjective, adverb or noun clauses in these sentences. If it is an adjective or adverb clause, tell which word it modifies, and if it is a noun clause, tell if it is used as the subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition.<br />1. You can make a shirt from whatever material I don't use.<br />2. What the audience wanted was another selection.<br />3. Whenever Barbara does well, she is really excited.<br />4. The boy was working faster than I could.<br />5. I gave whoever wanted one a pamphlet.<br />Answers<br />1. whatever material I don't use = noun clause used as the object of the preposition<br />2. What the audience wanted = noun clause used as the subject<br />3. Whenever Barbara does well = adverb clause modifying the predicate adjective excited<br />4. than I could (work fast) = adverb clause modifying the adverb faster<br />5. whoever wanted one = noun clause used as an indirect object<br />Lesson 278 - Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. Whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used the same ways as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the adjective, adverb or noun clauses in these sentences. If it is an adjective or adverb clause, tell which word it modifies, and if it is a noun clause, tell if it is used as the subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition.<br />1. Then I learned the truth, that I had been cheated.<br />2. The trick that he played on me was not funny.<br />3. He hopes that he can learn to ski.<br />4. It is obvious that you want no help.<br />5. The truth is that freedom is not free.<br />Answers<br />1. that I had been cheated = noun clause used as the appositive<br />2. that he played on me = adjective clause modifying the subject trick<br />3. that he can learn to ski = noun clause used as the direct object<br />4. that you want no help = adverb clause modifying the predicate adjective obvious<br />5. that freedom is not free = noun clause used as the predicate nominative<br />Lesson 279 - Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. Whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used the same ways as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the adjective, adverb or noun clauses in these sentences. If it is an adjective or adverb clause, tell which word it modifies, and if it is a noun clause, tell if it is used as the subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition.<br />1. That the tiger was gentle and tame was not certain.<br />2. Do not use that comb which has no teeth.<br />3. If the treaty is signed, the President will leave at once.<br />4. Patty explained how embalming is done.<br />5. Jack asked why the game had been canceled.<br />Answers<br />1. That the tiger was gentle and tame = noun clause used as the subject<br />2. which has no teeth = adjective clause modifying the direct object comb<br />3. If the treaty is signed = adverb clause modifying the verb will leave<br />4. how embalming is done = noun clause used as the direct object<br />5. why the game had been canceled = noun clause used as the direct object<br />Lesson 280 - Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses<br />The adjective clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, and that) or a subordinate conjunction (when and where). Those are the only words that can be used to introduce an adjective clause. The introductory word will always rename the word that it follows and modifies except when used with a preposition which will come between the introductory word and the word it renames. Examples: The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer. Whose hand was up is the adjective clause with whose, the relative pronoun, renaming and modifying student. Jane is a person in whom I can place my confidence. Whom I can place my confidence is the adjective clause with whom, the relative pronoun, with the preposition in between it and person the word that whom renames and modifies.<br />An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.<br />Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions including after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and while. These are just some of the more common ones.<br />Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.)<br />A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used the same ways as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.) Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example: I know that he is here. (I know he is here.)<br />Find the adjective, adverb or noun clauses in these sentences. If it is an adjective or adverb clause, tell which word it modifies, and if it is a noun clause, tell if it is used as the subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition.<br />1. This year was the warmest year that we have had.<br />2. We waited for hours until we received word of his rescue.<br />3. The hiker whom I saw on Mount Timpanogos was eighty years old.<br />4. Mike thinks that he will win the lottery.<br />5. Who lost this wallet is a mystery to me.<br />Answers<br />1. that we have had = adjective clause modifying the predicate nominative year<br />2. until we received word of his rescue = adverb clause modifying the verb waited<br />3. whom I saw on Mount Timpanogos = adjective clause modifying the subject hiker<br />4. that he will win the lottery = noun clause used as the direct object<br />5. Who lost this wallet = noun clause used as the subject<br />Lessons 276 - 280 Quiz - Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses<br />Find the adjective, adverb or noun clauses in these sentences. If it is an adjective or adverb clause, tell which word it modifies, and if it is a noun clause, tell how if it is used as the subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition.<br />1. If the manager is unable to help, try the assistant manager.<br />2. The mayor is the person to whom you should write the letter.<br />3. The man whose neck was broken has recovered completely.<br />4. The scientist said that the ozone levels were dangerous.<br />5. The city council objected when the mayor changed his mind.<br />6. It is unfortunate that Mr. Jones will not return.<br />7. Why you don't do your work is ridiculous to me.<br />8. This cemetery is where your Grandfather is buried.<br />9. The report that the island is under water is very misleading.<br />10. We offered whoever told the truth clemency.<br />Answers<br />1. If the manager is unable to help = adverb clause modifying the verb try<br />2. whom you should write the letter = noun clause used as the object of the preposition<br />3. whose neck was broken = adjective clause modifying the subject man<br />4. that the ozone levels were dangerous = noun clause used as the direct object<br />5. when the mayor changed his mind = adverb clause modifying the verb objected<br />6. that Mr. Jones will not return = adverb clause modifying the predicate adjective unfortunate<br />7. Why you don't do your work = noun clause used as the subject<br />8. where your Grandfather is buried = noun clause used as the predicate nominative<br />9. that the island is under water = noun clause used as the appositive<br />10. whoever told the truth = noun clause used as the indirect object<br /><br />Lesson 281 - Clauses Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause, tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. Becky is my daughter whom I have not seen for a year.<br />2. I will make a playhouse for the kids from whatever material is not used in the house.<br />3. Then I learned a good lesson, that you should always be kind.<br />4. If the price is right, we will own the car.<br />5. Whoever returned my wallet is an honest person.<br />Answers<br />1. is =verb, Becky = subject, daughter = predicate nominative, my = adjective modifying daughter; (whom I have not seen for a year) = adjective clause modifying daughter, have seen = verb, I = subject, whom = noun clause introductory word used as a direct object, not = adverb modifying have seen, for a year = adverb prepositional phrase modifying have seen, for = preposition, year = object of the preposition, a = adjective modifying year<br />2. will make = verb, I = subject, playhouse = direct object, a = adjective modifying playhouse, for the kids = adverb prepositional phrase modifying will make, from whatever material is not used in the house = adverb prepositional phrase modifying will make, from = preposition; (whatever material is not used in the house) = noun clause used as the object of the preposition, is used = verb, material = subject, whatever = noun clause introductory word used as an adjective modifying material, not = adverb modifying is used, in the house = adverb prepositional phrase modifying is used, in = preposition, house = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying house<br />3. learned = verb, I = subject, lesson = direct object, a, good = adjectives modifying lesson, then = adverb modifying learned; (that you should always be kind) = noun clause used as an appositive, should be = verb, you = subject, kind = predicate adjective modifying you, always = adverb modifying should be, that = clause introductory word that does not fit grammatically with the rest of the sentence. (That is the only introductory word used to introduce noun clauses that will not fit grammatically with the rest of the sentence.)<br />4. will own = verb, we = subject, car = direct object, the = adjective modifying car; (if the price is right) = adverb clause modifying will own, is = verb, price = subject, right = predicate adjective modifying price, the = adjective modifying price, if = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />5. is = verb, (whoever returned my wallet) = noun clause used as the subject, returned = verb, whoever = noun clause introductory word used as a subject, wallet = direct object, my = adjective modifying wallet, person = predicate nominative, an/honest = adjectives modifying person<br />Lesson 282 - Clauses Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause, tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. This is the driest year that we have had recently.<br />2. Jim wondered why we hadn't called him.<br />3. It is evident that you didn't listen.<br />4. I gave whoever asked the directions to the camp.<br />5. Texas is where the flooding occurred.<br />Answers<br />1. is = verb, this = subject, year = predicate nominative, the/driest = adjectives modifying year; (that we have had recently) = adjective clause modifying year, have had = verb, we = subject, that = adjective clause introductory word equalling year used as the direct object, recently = adverb modifying have had<br />2. wondered = verb, Jim = subject; (why we hadn't called him) = noun clause used as the direct object, had called = verb, we = subject, him = direct object, n't = adverb modifying had called, why = noun clause introductory word used as an adverb modifying had called<br />3. is = verb, it = subject, evident = predicate adjective modifying it; (that you didn't listen) = adverb clause modifying the predicate adjective evident, did listen = verb, you = subject, n't = adverb modifying did listen, that = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />4. gave = verb, I = subject, directions = direct object, the = adjective modifying directions; (whoever asked) = noun clause used as the indirect object modifying gave, asked = verb, whoever = noun clause introductory word used as the subject, to the camp = adjective prepositional phrase modifying directions, to = preposition, camp = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying camp<br />5. is = verb, Texas = subject; (where the flooding occurred) = noun clause used as the predicate nominative, occurred = verb, flooding = gerund used as the subject, the = adjective modifying flooding, where = noun clause introductory word used as an adverb modifying occurred<br />Lesson 283 - Clauses Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause, tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. The woman had several broken bones because her bones were weak.<br />2. What the man wanted was a free ride through life.<br />3. I hope that I can learn to use the computer.<br />4. Do not eat the fruit that has fallen on the ground.<br />5. We waited until the doctor reported the operation a success.<br />Answers<br />1. had = verb, woman = subject, bones = direct object, the = adjective modifying woman, several = adjective modifying bones, broken = participle modifying bones; (because her bones were weak) = adverb clause modifying the verb had, were = verb, bones = subject, weak = predicate adjective modifying bones, her = adjective modifying bones, because = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />2. was = verb, (what the man wanted) = noun clause used as the subject, wanted = verb, man = subject, what = noun introductory word used as the direct object, the = adjective modifying man; ride = predicate nominative, a/free = adjectives modifying ride, through life = adjective prepositional phrase modifying ride, through = preposition, life = object of the preposition<br />3. hope = verb, I = subject; (that I can learn to use the computer) = noun clause used as the direct object, can learn = verb, I = subject, to use the computer = infinitive phrase used as the direct object, to use = infinitive, computer = direct object of the infinitive to use, the = adjective modifying computer, that = noun clause introductory word that does not fit grammatically with the sentence<br />4. do eat = verb, (you understood) = subject, fruit = direct object, the = adjective modifying fruit, not = adverb modifying do eat; (that has fallen on the ground) = adjective clause modifying fruit, has fallen = verb, that = adjective clause introductory word used as the subject equalling fruit, on the ground = adverb prepositional phrase modifying has fallen, on = preposition, ground = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying ground<br />5. waited = verb, we = subject; (until the doctor reported the operation a success) = adverb clause modifying waited, reported = verb, doctor = subject, operation = direct object, the = adjective modifying doctor, the = adjective modifying operation, success = object complement modifying operation, a = adjective modifying success, until = subordinate conjunction introducing an adverb clause<br />Lesson 284 - Clauses Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause, tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. Joe thinks he can win at the slots.<br />2. That one should always do his best is certain to bring success.<br />3. The fact was that I was not in town.<br />4. The girl ran more quickly to her mother than her brother.<br />5. Although a skilled person will be better prepared, he may not find work.<br />Answers<br />1. thinks = verb, Joe = subject; (he can win at the slots) = noun clause used as the direct object with an understood introductory word that, can win = verb, he = subject, at the slots = adverb prepositional phrase modifying can win, at = preposition, slots = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying slots<br />2. is = verb, (that one should always do his best) = noun clause used as the subject, should do = verb, one = subject, best = direct object, his = adjective modifying best, always = adverb modifying should do, that = noun clause introductory word that does not fit grammatically with the sentence; certain = predicate adjective modifying (that one should always do his best) the subject, to bring = adverb infinitive modifying certain, success = direct object to the infinitive to bring<br />3. was = verb, fact = subject, the = adjective modifying fact; (that I was not in town) = noun clause used as the predicate nominative, was = verb, I = subject, not = adverb modifying was, in town = adverb prepositional phrase modifying was, in = preposition, town = object of the preposition, that = noun clause introductory word that does not fit grammatically with the sentence<br />4. ran = verb, girl = subject, the = adjective modifying girl, quickly = adverb modifying ran, more = adverb modifying quickly, to her mother = adverb prepositional phrase modifying ran, to = preposition, mother = object of the preposition, her = adjective modifying mother; (than her brother[ran quickly to his mother] understood part of the clause) = adverb elliptical clause modifying more, ran = understood verb, brother = subject, her = adjective modifying brother, quickly = understood adverb modifying understood ran, to his mother = understood prepositional phrase modifying ran, to = understood preposition, mother = understood object of the preposition, his = understood adjective modifying mother, than = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />5. may find = verb, he = subject, work = direct object, not = adverb modifying may find; (although a skilled person will be better prepared) = adverb clause modifying may find, will be = verb, person = subject, a = adjective modifying person, skilled = participle modifying person, prepared = participle modifying person used as the predicate adjective, better = adverb modifying prepared, although = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />Lesson 285 - Clauses Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause, tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. Now I understand why you didn't tell me.<br />2. Whenever you do well, you will be rewarded.<br />3. The instrument that he plays is not the French horn.<br />4. Sam explained how you could save money daily.<br />5. The man whom I met at the store knew my father.<br />Answers<br />1. understand = verb, I = subject, now = adverb modifying understand; (why you didn't tell me) = noun clause used as the direct object, did tell = verb, you = subject, me = direct object, n't = adverb modifying did tell, why = noun clause introductory word used as an adverb modifying did tell<br />2. will be rewarded = verb, you = subject; (whenever you do well) = adverb clause modifying will be rewarded, do = verb, you = subject, well = adverb modifying do, whenever = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />3. is = verb, instrument = subject, the = adjective modifying instrument, horn = predicate nominative, the/French = adjectives modifying horn; (that he plays) = adjective clause modifying instrument, plays = verb, he = subject, that = adjective clause introductory word used as a direct object<br />4. explained = verb, Sam = subject; (how you could save money daily) = noun clause used as the direct object, could save = verb, you = subject, money = direct object, how/daily = adverbs modifying could save<br />5. knew = verb, man = subject, father = direct object, my = adjective modifying father, the = adjective modifying man; (whom I met at the store) = adjective clause modifying man, met = verb, I = subject, whom = adjective clause introductory word used as the direct object to met, at the store = adverb prepositional phrase modifying met, at = preposition, store = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying store<br />Lessons 281 - 285 Quiz - Clauses Review - Parts of the Sentence<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause, tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. We offered whoever caused the accident a chance to confess.<br />2. The man whose leg was amputated was glad to be alive.<br />3. The judge is the person to whom you should talk.<br />4. When the mayor explained his plan, the citizens were pleased.<br />5. It is unfortunate that you do not agree.<br />6. The news that thousands had been killed was correct.<br />7. This house is where your grandmother lived.<br />8. Why you don't like him is hard to understand.<br />9. If you are unable to find it, call me at home.<br />10. The manager said that everyone would get a raise.<br />Answers<br />1. offered = verb, we = subject, chance = direct object, a = adjective modifying chance, to confess = adjective infinitive used as object complement; (whoever caused the accident) = noun clause used as an indirect object, caused = verb, whoever = noun clause introductory word used as the subject, accident = direct object, the = adjective modifying accident<br />2. was = verb, man = subject, the = adjective modifying man, glad = predicate adjective modifying man, to be = adverb infinitive modifying glad, alive = predicate adjective to the infinitive to be; (whose leg was amputated) = adjective clause modifying man, was amputated = verb, leg = subject, whose = adjective modifying leg<br />3. is = verb, judge = subject, person = predicate nominative, the = adjective modifying judge, the = adjective modifying person; to whom you should talk = adjective prepositional phrase modifying person, (whom you should talk) = noun clause used as the object of the preposition, should talk = verb, you = subject, whom = noun clause introductory word used as the direct object<br />4. were pleased = verb, citizens = subject, the = adjective modifying citizens; (when the mayor explained his plan) = adverb clause modifying were pleased, explained = verb, mayor = subject, plan = direct object, the = adjective modifying mayor, his = adjective modifying plan, when = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />5. is = verb, it = subject, unfortunate = predicate adjective modifying it; (that you do not agree) = adverb clause modifying unfortunate, do agree = verb, you = subject, not = adverb modifying do agree, that = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />6. was = verb, news = subject, correct = predicate adjective modifying news, the = adjective modifying news; (that thousands had been killed) = noun clause used as an appositive, had been killed = verb, thousands = subject, that = noun introductory word that does not fit grammatically with the sentence<br />7. is = verb, house = subject, this = adjective modifying house; (where your grandmother lived) = noun clause used as a predicate nominative, lived = verb, grandmother = subject, your = adjective modifying grandmother, where = noun clause introductory word used as an adverb modifying lived<br />8. is = verb; (why you don't like him) = noun clause used as the subject, do like = verb, you = subject, him = direct object, n't = adverb modifying do like, why = noun clause introductory word used as an adverb modifying do like; hard = predicate adjective modifying the noun clause, to understand = adverb infinitive modifying hard<br />9. call = verb, (you understood) = subject, me = direct object, at home = adverb prepositional phrase modifying call, at = preposition, home = object of the preposition; (if you are unable to find it) = adverb clause modifying call, are = verb, you = subject, unable = predicate adjective modifying you, to find = adverb infinitive modifying unable, it = direct object to the infinitive, if = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />10. said = verb, manager = subject, the = adjective modifying manager; (that everyone would get a raise) = noun clause used as the direct object, would get = verb, everyone = subject, raise = direct object, a = adjective modifying raise, that = noun clause introductory word that does not fit grammatically with the sentence<br /><br />Lesson 286 - Sentence Variety<br />Having learned about phrases and clauses, let's now use the following phrases and clauses to give variety to our writing: participial phrases, adverb clauses, adjective clauses, compound sentences or verbs.<br />First identify which of the above ways is used in the sentence, and then rewrite it using the three other ways identifying each of the methods used.<br />Example: Having finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = participial phrase<br />You must rewrite it using an adverb clause, adjective clause, and either a compound sentence or a simple sentence with compound verbs.<br />I finished my lessons, sat back, and gloried in my effort. = compound verbs<br />After I had finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = adverb clause<br />I who had finished my lessons sat back and gloried in my effort. = adjective clause<br />Identify the written sentence and rewrite it the other three ways.<br />1. Watching the sunset above the mountain, John noticed the colors blending softly into one another.<br />2. The excited horse pawed the ground rapidly while it chewed on its bit and neighed continually.<br />3. The pilot climbed into his jet plane, adjusted his helmet, and attached his oxygen pack.<br />Answers<br />(My rewrites are only one way that can be used. Other ways may be possible.)<br />1. participial phrase<br />John watched the sunset above the mountain, and he noticed the colors blending softly into one another. = compound sentence<br />While he watched the sunset above the mountain, John noticed the colors blending softly into one another. = adverb clause<br />John who was watching the sunset above the mountain noticed the colors blending softly into one another. = adjective clause<br />2. adverb clause<br />The excited horse which pawed the ground rapidly chewed on its bit and neighed continually. = adjective clause<br />Pawing the ground rapidly, the excited horse chewed on its bit and neighed continually. = participial phrase<br />The excited horse pawed the ground rapidly, chewed its bit, and neighed continually = compound verbs<br />3. compound verbs<br />Climbing into his jet plane, the pilot adjusted his helmet and attached his oxygen pack. = participial phrase<br />After he climbed into his jet plane, the pilot adjusted his helmet and attached his oxygen pack. = adverb clause<br />The pilot who climbed into his jet plane adjusted his helmet and attached his oxygen pack. = adjective clause<br />Lesson 287 - Sentence Variety<br />Having learned about phrases and clauses, let's now use the following phrases and clauses to give variety to our writing: participial phrases, adverb clauses, adjective clauses, compound sentences or verbs.<br />First identify which of the above ways is used in the sentence, and then rewrite it using the three other ways identifying each of the methods used.<br />Example: Having finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = participial phrase<br />You must rewrite it using an adverb clause, adjective clause, and either a compound sentence or a simple sentence with compound verbs.<br />I finished my lessons, sat back, and gloried in my effort. = compound verbs<br />After I had finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = adverb clause<br />I who had finished my lessons sat back and gloried in my effort. = adjective clause<br />Identify the written sentence and rewrite it the other three ways.<br />1. At dusk the manager threw the electrical switch, and the amusement park lit up like a star-studded galaxy.<br />2. As he walked out on the wire and completed his various routines, the acrobat carefully demonstrated his intricate ability.<br />3. The people who saw the basketball star surged against the restraints and called out compliments and greetings.<br />Answers<br />1. compound sentence<br />Throwing the electrical switch at dusk, the manager lit up the amusement park like a star-studded galaxy. = participial phrase<br />At dusk the manager who threw the electrical switch lit up the amusement park like a star-studded galaxy. = adjective clause<br />After the manager threw the electrical switch, the amusement park lit up like a star-studded galaxy at dusk. = adverb clause<br />2. participial phrase<br />When he had demonstrated his intricate ability, the acrobat carefully walked out on the wire and completed his various routines. = adverb clause<br />The acrobat demonstrated his intricate ability, carefully walked out on the wire, and completed his various routines. = compound verbs<br />The acrobat who carefully walked out on the wire and completed his various routines demonstrated his intricate ability. = adjective clause<br />3. adjective clause<br />Seeing the basketball star, the people surged against the restraints and called out compliments and greetings. = participial phrase<br />When the people saw the basketball star, they surged against the restraints and called out compliments and greetings. = adverb clause<br />The people saw the basketball star, and they surged against the restraints and called out compliments and greetings. = compound sentence<br />Lesson 288 - Sentence Variety<br />Having learned about phrases and clauses, let's now use the following phrases and clauses to give variety to our writing: participial phrases, adverb clauses, adjective clauses, compound sentences or verbs.<br />First identify which of the above ways is used in the sentence, and then rewrite it using the three other ways identifying each of the methods used.<br />Example: Having finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = participial phrase<br />You must rewrite it using an adverb clause, adjective clause, and either a compound sentence or a simple sentence with compound verbs.<br />I finished my lessons, sat back, and gloried in my effort. = compound verbs<br />After I had finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = adverb clause<br />I who had finished my lessons sat back and gloried in my effort. = adjective clause<br />Identify the written sentence and rewrite it the other three ways.<br />1. The engineer knew the train was on time, leaned against the side, and sighed with relief.<br />2. Hoping to have the seating in place by evening, the committee for the Olympics hurriedly set up bleachers along the main road.<br />3. Mark took a quick, refreshing swim in the mountain lake before he returned to the cabin for breakfast.<br />Answers<br />1. compound verbs<br />Knowing the train was on time, the engineer leaned against the side and sighed with relief. = participial phrase<br />The engineer that knew the train was on time leaned against the side and sighed with relief. = adjective clause<br />When the engineer leaned against the side and sighed with relief, he knew the train was on time. = adverb clause<br />2. participial phrase<br />The committee for the Olympics hoped to have the seating in place by evening and hurriedly set up bleachers along the main road. = compound verb<br />The committee for the Olympics that hoped to have the seating in place by evening hurriedly set up bleachers along the main road. = adjective clause<br />Because they hoped to have the seating in place by evening, the committee for the Olympics hurriedly set up bleachers along the main road. = adverb clause<br />3. adverb clause<br />Having taken a quick, refreshing swim in the mountain lake, Mark returned to the cabin for breakfast. = participial phrase<br />Mark who had taken a quick, refreshing swim in the mountain lake returned to the cabin for breakfast. = adjective clause<br />Mark took a quick, refreshing swim in the mountain lake and returned to the cabin for breakfast. = compound verbs<br />Lesson 289 - Sentence Variety<br />Having learned about phrases and clauses, let's now use the following phrases and clauses to give variety to our writing: participial phrases, adverb clauses, adjective clauses, compound sentences or verbs.<br />First identify which of the above ways is used in the sentence, and then rewrite it using the three other ways identifying each of the methods used.<br />Example: Having finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = participial phrase<br />You must rewrite it using an adverb clause, adjective clause, and either a compound sentence or a simple sentence with compound verbs.<br />I finished my lessons, sat back, and gloried in my effort. = compound verbs<br />After I had finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = adverb clause<br />I who had finished my lessons sat back and gloried in my effort. = adjective clause<br />Identify the written sentence and rewrite it the other three ways.<br />1. Standing nervously in the wings of the theater, Jeanne practiced her lines quietly and waited to go on stage.<br />2. The detective searched carefully through the old desk as he recounted in his mind the importance of the will.<br />3. The small black dog which looked weak and harmless leaped suddenly at the stranger.<br />Answers<br />1. participial phrase<br />Jeanne stood nervously in the wings of the theater and practiced her lines quietly while she waited to go on stage. = adverb clause<br />Jeanne stood nervously in the wings of the theater, practiced her lines quietly, and waited to go on stage. = compound verbs<br />Jeanne who practiced her lines quietly stood nervously in the wings of the theater and waited to go on stage. = adjective clause<br />2. adverb clause<br />The detective searched carefully through the old desk, and he recounted in his mind the importance of the will. = compound sentence<br />Recounting in his mind the importance of the will, the detective searched carefully through the old desk. = participial phrase<br />The detective who searched carefully through the old desk recounted in his mind the importance of the will. = adjective clause<br />3. adjective clause<br />Looking weak and harmless, the small black dog leaped suddenly at the stranger. = participial phrase<br />Although he looked weak and harmless, the small black dog leaped suddenly at the stranger. = adverb clause<br />The small black dog looked weak and harmless but leaped suddenly at the stranger. = compound verbs<br />Lesson 290 - Sentence Variety<br />Having learned about phrases and clauses, let's now use the following phrases and clauses to give variety to our writing: participial phrases, adverb clauses, adjective clauses, compound sentences or verbs.<br />First identify which of the above ways is used in the sentence, and then rewrite it using the three other ways identifying each of the methods used.<br />Example: Having finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = participial phrase<br />You must rewrite it using an adverb clause, adjective clause, and either a compound sentence or a simple sentence with compound verbs.<br />I finished my lessons, sat back, and gloried in my effort. = compound verbs<br />After I had finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = adverb clause<br />I who had finished my lessons sat back and gloried in my effort. = adjective clause<br />Identify the written sentence and rewrite it the other three ways.<br />1. The camper sighed heavily, strained under the weight of his load, and carried it into camp.<br />2. Waiting for the signal to enter, the children played happily around the entrance to the park.<br />3. When she had performed her daily tasks, the old lady lit a fire and warmed herself for the evening.<br />Answers<br />1. compound verbs<br />Sighing heavily, the camper strained under the weight of his load and carried it into the camp. = participial phrase<br />While he strained under the weight of his load, the camper sighed heavily and carried it into camp. = adverb clause<br />The camper who strained under the weight of his load sighed heavily and carried it into camp. = adjective clause<br />2. participial phrase<br />The children waited for the signal to enter as they played happily around the entrance to the park. = adverb clause<br />The children waited for the signal to enter and played happily around the entrance to the park. = compound verbs<br />The children who played happily around the entrance to the park waited for the signal to enter. = adjective clause<br />3. adverb clause<br />Performing her daily tasks, the old lady lit a fire and warmed herself for the evening. = participial phrase<br />The old lady that had performed her daily tasks lit a fire and warmed herself for the evening. = adjective clause<br />The old lady performed her daily tasks, and she lit a fire and warmed herself for the evening. = compound sentence<br />Lessons 286 - 290 Quiz - Sentence Variety<br />Having learned about phrases and clauses, let's now use the following phrases and clauses to give variety to our writing: participial phrases, adverb clauses, adjective clauses, compound sentences or verbs.<br />First identify which of the above ways is used in the sentence, and then rewrite it using the three other ways identifying each of the methods used.<br />Example: Having finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = participial phrase<br />You must rewrite it using an adverb clause, adjective clause, and either a compound sentence or a simple sentence with compound verbs.<br />I finished my lessons, sat back, and gloried in my effort. = compound verbs<br />After I had finished my lessons, I sat back and gloried in my effort. = adverb clause<br />I who had finished my lessons sat back and gloried in my effort. = adjective clause<br />Identify the written sentence and rewrite it the other three ways.<br />1. The gardener who had sprayed the weeds with poison thought about the vacation planned for July.<br />2. When they saw the curtain go up, the audience gasped in surprise but started applauding loudly.<br />3. Having amassed a fortune, the man was looking forward to living an easy life.<br />4. She hurried down to the bank, withdrew all her savings, and hid them under her mattress.<br />5. The new recruits lined up rapidly, and the officers gave them their orders for the day.<br />Answers<br />1. adjective clause<br />Having sprayed the weeds with poison, the gardener thought about the vacation planned for July. = participial phrase<br />As he sprayed the weeds with poison, the gardener thought about the vacation planned for July. = adverb clause<br />The gardener sprayed the weeds with poison and thought about the vacation planned for July. = compound verbs<br />2. adverb clause<br />Seeing the curtain go up, the audience gasped in surprise but started applauding loudly. = participial phrase<br />The audience saw the curtain go up, gasped in surprise, and started applauding loudly. = compound verbs<br />The audience who gasped in surprise and started applauding loudly saw the curtain go up. = adjective clause<br />3. participial phrase<br />The man who had amassed a fortune was looking forward to living an easy life. = adjective clause<br />The man had amassed a fortune and was looking forward to living an easy life. = compound verbs<br />After he had amassed a fortune, the man was looking forward to living an easy life. = adverb clause<br />4. compound verbs<br />Hurrying down to the bank, she withdrew all her savings and hid them under her mattress. = participial phrase<br />After she had hurried down to the bank and withdrawn all her savings, she hid them under her mattress. = adverb clause<br />She hurried down to the bank and withdrew all her savings which she hid under her mattress. = adjective clause<br />5. compound sentence<br />Having lined up rapidly, the new recruits were given their orders for the day by the officers. = participial phrase<br />After the new recruits had lined up rapidly, the officers gave them their orders for the day. = adverb clause<br />The new recruits who lined up rapidly were given their orders for the day by the officers. = adjective clause<br /><br />Lesson 291 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />The following sentences are made up of two independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses. You are to identify the clauses telling what kind each is. The choices are independent clause, noun clause, adjective clause or adverb clause.<br />1. John went to school, but James remained at home because he had a sore throat.<br />2. If he changes his mind, we shall know for sure that Joe has learned his lesson, but only time will tell.<br />3. Those clouds promise rain; we should hurry before we get caught in a flash flood.<br />4. Here is the money that I owe you, and I am happy to be free of debt.<br />5. Were you ever in a storm that was full of lightning, or don't you recall?<br />Answers<br />1. John went to school = independent clause, James remained at home = independent clause, because he had a sore throat = adverb clause<br />2. If he changes his mind = adverb clause, we shall know for sure = independent clause, that Joe has learned his lesson = noun clause, only time will tell = independent clause<br />3. Those clouds promise rain = independent clause, we should hurry = independent clause, before we get caught in a flash flood = adverb clause<br />4. Here is the money = independent clause, that I owe you = adjective clause, I am happy to be free of debt = independent clause<br />5. Were you ever in a storm = independent clause, that was full of lightning = adjective clause, don't you recall = independent clause<br />Lesson 292 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />The following sentences are made up of two independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses. You are to identify the clauses telling what kind each is. The choices are independent clause, noun clause, adjective clause or adverb clause.<br />1. Since we had gone only a mile from camp, we could return before dark, and we would not become lost.<br />2. After the tornado had hit, my house was gone, but my neighbor's house was not touched.<br />3. Mary heard the frightening noise again, and the sound was one that would frighten the bravest of people.<br />4. The route can be changed, but I know several people who will not like the change.<br />5. Dr. Mathews did what could be done, but it simply was not enough to save his life.<br />Answers<br />1. Since we had gone only a mile from camp = adverb clause, we could return before dark = independent clause, we would not become lost = independent clause<br />2. After the tornado had hit = adverb clause, my house was gone = independent clause, my neighbor's house was not touched = independent clause<br />3. Mary heard the frightening noise again = independent clause, the sound was one = independent clause, that would frighten the bravest of people = adjective clause<br />4. The route can be changed = independent clause, I know several people = independent clause, who will not like the change = adjective clause<br />5. Dr. Mathews did = independent clause, what could be done = noun clause, it simply was not enough to save his life = independent clause<br />Lesson 293 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />The following sentences are made up of two independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses. You are to identify the clauses telling what kind each is. The choices are independent clause, noun clause, adjective clause or adverb clause.<br />1. We enlarged our house, and after we had finished the work, we moved to Hawaii and never returned.<br />2. The vacation should be restful, but many people take vacations that are never restful.<br />3. James said that will be enough, and everyone agreed.<br />4. Dad went fishing, but Mom stayed home because she wanted to be there when Terri arrived.<br />5. Although the children were running everywhere, closer observation indicated that they were playing a game, and they had created it themselves.<br />Answers<br />1. We enlarged our house = independent clause, after we had finished the work = adverb clause, we moved to Hawaii and never returned = independent clause<br />2. The vacation should be restful = independent clause, many people take vacations = independent clause, that are never restful = adjective clause<br />3. James said = independent clause, that will be enough = noun clause, everyone agreed = independent clause<br />4. Dad went fishing = independent clause, Mom stayed home = independent clause, because she wanted to be there = adverb clause, when Terri arrived = adverb clause<br />5. Although the children were running everywhere = adverb clause, closer observation indicated = independent clause, that they were playing a game = noun clause, they had created it themselves = independent clause<br />Lesson 294 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />The following sentences are either a simple sentence, a compound sentence, a complex sentence or a compound/complex sentence. Identify the sentences telling what kind each is.<br />1. Jim and his friend Ryan had planned to return to Canada.<br />2. Although we searched everywhere, Curtis could find no trace of his shoes.<br />3. Alaina wrote an original poem, and her mother corrected her spelling.<br />4. Since he was entrusted with the secret, Fred became very serious, and he was no longer a practical joker.<br />5. The real story is that he was injured while he was hiking.<br />Answers<br />1. simple<br />2. complex<br />3. compound<br />4. compound/complex<br />5. complex<br />Lesson 295 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />The following sentences are either a simple sentence, a compound sentence, a complex sentence or a compound/complex sentence. Identify the sentences telling what kind each is.<br />1. None of the other jurors asked me to change my mind.<br />2. Barbara and Jeanne whispered and giggled all night.<br />3. That he is my cousin cannot be denied.<br />4. The boy who is speaking is my brother, and he will be staying with us.<br />5. I know you don't like him, but that doesn't matter.<br />Answers<br />1. simple<br />2. simple<br />3. complex<br />4. compound/complex<br />5. compound/complex<br />Lessons 291- 295 Quiz - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />The following sentences are made up of two independent clauses with one or more dependent clauses. You are to identify the clauses telling what kind each is. The choices are independent clause, noun clause, adjective clause or adverb clause.<br />1. Rulon steered the jeep down the muddy road to the camp site, and then he discovered that it was the wrong road.<br />2. When Carl came up to bat, the bases were loaded, and there were two outs.<br />3. I've just learned that our vacation plans must be changed; as a result, we'll leave later in the month.<br />4. Older television sets had tubes; the newest models, which take less space, are digital televisions.<br />5. My Uncle Al drove a snow-removal truck, and when there was a big snow storm, he would be called to work at any time.<br />6. If you are an election judge, you distribute the ballots, and you count them after the polls close.<br />7. Many monuments are found around the White House, and foreign leaders who come to Washington often visit them.<br />8. The doctor told us how we could revive a heart-attack victim, and she demonstrated on a dummy, me.<br />9. Jeff tried the new dance steps that had been demonstrated, and he mastered them quickly.<br />10. The bola is a rope which is used to catch animals; it has weights on the end of it.<br />Answers<br />1. Rulon steered the jeep down the muddy road to the camp site = independent clause, then he discovered = independent clause, that it was the wrong road = noun clause<br />2. When Carl came up to bat = adverb clause, the bases were loaded = independent clause, there were two outs = independent clause<br />3. I've just learned = independent clause, that our vacation plans must be changed = noun clause, as a result, we'll leave later in the month = independent clause<br />4. Older television sets had tubes = independent clause, the newest models are digital televisions = independent clause, which take less space = adjective clause<br />5. My Uncle Al drove a snow-removal truck = independent clause, when there was a big snow storm = adverb clause, he would be called to work at any time = independent clause<br />6. If you are an election judge = adverb clause, you distribute the ballots = independent clause, you count them = independent clause, after the polls close = adverb clause<br />7. Many monuments are found around the White House = independent clause, foreign leaders often visit them = independent clause, who come to Washington = adjective clause<br />8. The doctor told us = independent clause, how we could revive a heart-attack victim = noun clause, she demonstrated on a dummy, me = independent clause<br />9. Jeff tried the new dance steps = independent clause, that had been demonstrated = adjective clause, he mastered them quickly = independent clause<br />10. The bola is a rope = independent clause, which is used to catch animals = adjective clause, it has weights on the end of it = independent clause<br /><br />Lesson 296 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. John went to school, but James remained at home because he had a sore throat.<br />2. If he changes his mind, we shall know for sure that Joe has learned his lesson, but only time will tell.<br />3. Those clouds promise rain; we should hurry before we get caught in a flash flood.<br />4. Here is the money that I owed you, and I am happy to be free of debt.<br />5. Were you ever in a storm that was full of lightning, or don't you recall?<br />Answers<br />1. went = verb, John = subject, to school = adverb prepositional phrase modifying went, to = preposition, school = object of the preposition; but = co-ordinate conjunction, remained = verb, James = subject, at home = adverb prepositional phrase modifying remained, at = preposition, home = object of the preposition; (because he had a sore throat) = adverb clause modifying remained, had = verb, he = subject, throat = direct object, a/sore = adjectives modifying throat, because = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />2. (If he changes his mind) = adverb clause modifying shall know, changes = verb, he = subject, mind = direct object, his = adjective modifying mind, if = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; shall know = verb, we = subject, for sure = adverb prepositional phrase modifying shall know, for = preposition, sure = object of the preposition; (that Joe has learned his lesson) = noun clause used as the direct object, has learned = verb, Joe = subject, lesson = direct object, his = adjective modifying lesson, that = noun clause introductory word which does not fit grammatically with the sentence; will tell = verb, time = subject, only = adjective modifying time, but = co-ordinate conjunction<br />3. promise = verb, clouds = subject, rain = direct object, those = adjective modifying clouds; should hurry = verb, we = subject; (before we get caught in a flash flood) = adverb clause modifying should hurry, get = verb, we = subject, caught in a flash flood = participial phrase used as a predicate adjective, caught = participle, in a flash flood = adverb prepositional phrase modifying caught, in = preposition, flood = object of the preposition, a/flash = adjectives modifying flood, before = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />4. is = verb, money = subject, the = adjective modifying money, here = adverb modifying is; (that I owed you) = adjective clause modifying money, owed = verb, I = subject, that = direct object, you = indirect object; am = verb, I = subject, happy = predicate adjective modifying I, to be free of debt = adverb infinite phrase modifying happy, to be = infinitive, free = predicate adjective to the infinitive, of debt = adverb prepositional phrase modifying free, of = preposition, debt = object of the preposition, and = co-ordinate conjunction<br />5. were = verb, you = subject, ever = adverb modifying were, in a storm = adverb prepositional phrase modifying were, in = preposition, storm = object of the preposition, a = adjective modifying storm; (that was full of lightning) = adjective clause modifying storm, was = verb, that = subject, full = predicate adjective modifying that, of lightning = adverb prepositional phrase modifying full, of = preposition, lightning = object of the preposition; do recall = verb, you = subject, n't = adverb modifying do recall, or = co-ordinate conjunction<br />Lesson 297 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. Since we had gone only a mile from camp, we could return before dark, and we would not become lost.<br />2. After the tornado had hit, my house was gone, but my neighbor's house was not touched.<br />3. Mary heard the frightening noise again, and the sound was one that would frighten the bravest of people.<br />4. The route can be changed, but I know several people who will not like the change.<br />5. Dr. Mathews did what could be done, but it simply was not enough to save his life.<br />Answers<br />1. (Since we had gone only a mile from camp) = adverb clause modifying could return, had gone = verb, we = subject, mile = adverb modifying had gone, a = adjective modifying the adverbial noun mile, only = adverb modifying mile, from camp = adjective prepositional phrase modifying mile, from = preposition, camp = object of the preposition; could return = verb, we = subject, before dark = adverb prepositional phrase modifying could return, before = preposition, dark = object of the preposition; would become= verb, we = subject, lost = predicate adjective modifying we, not = adverb modifying would become, and = co-ordinate conjunction<br />2. (after the tornado had hit) = adverb clause modifying was gone, had hit = verb, tornado = subject, the = adjective modifying tornado, after = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; was gone = verb, house = subject, my = adjective modifying house; was touched = verb, house = subject, my/neighbor's = adjectives modifying house, not = adverb modifying was touched, but = co-ordinate conjunction<br />3. heard = verb, Mary = subject, noise = direct object, the = adjective modifying noise, frightening = participle modifying noise, again = adverb modifying heard; was = verb, sound = subject, one = predicate nominative, the = adjective modifying sound, and = co-ordinate conjunction; (that would frighten the bravest of people) adjective clause modifying one, would frighten = verb, that = subject, bravest = direct object, the = adjective modifying bravest, of people = adjective prepositional phrase modifying bravest, of = preposition, people = object of the preposition<br />4. can be changed = verb, route = subject, the = adjective modifying route; know = verb, I = subject, people = direct object, several = adjective modifying people, but = co-ordinate conjunction; (who will not like the change) = adjective clause modifying people, will like = verb, who = subject, change = direct object, the = adjective modifying change, not = adverb modifying will like<br />5. did = verb, Dr. Mathews = subject; (what could be done) = noun clause used as the direct object, could be done = verb, what = subject; was = verb, it = subject, enough = predicate adjective modifying it, not/simply = adverbs modifying was, to save his life = adverb infinitive phrase modifying enough, to save = infinitive, life = direct object, his = adjective modifying life<br />Lesson 298 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. We enlarged our house, and after we had finished the work, we moved to Hawaii and never returned.<br />2. The vacation should be restful, but many people take vacations that are never restful.<br />3. James said that will be enough, and everyone agreed.<br />4. Dad went fishing, but Mom stayed home because she wanted to be there when Terri arrived.<br />5. Although the children were running everywhere, closer observation indicated that they were playing a game, and they had created it themselves.<br />Answers<br />1. enlarged = verb, we = subject, house = direct object, our = adjective modifying house; and = co-ordinate conjunction, moved/returned = verbs, we = subject, never = adverb modifying returned, to Hawaii = adverb prepositional phrase modifying moved, to = preposition, Hawaii = object of the preposition; (after we had finished the work) = adverb clause modifying moved/returned, had finished = verb, we = subject, work = direct object, the = adjective modifying work, after = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />2. should be = verb, vacation = subject, restful = predicate adjective modifying vacation, the = adjective modifying vacation; but = co-ordinate conjunction, take = verb, people = subject, vacations = direct object, many = adjective modifying people; (that are never restful) = adjective clause modifying vacations, are = verb, that = subject, restful = predicate adjective modifying that, never = adverb modifying are<br />3. said = verb, James = subject; (that will be enough) = noun clause used as the direct object, will be = verb, that = subject, enough = predicate adjective; and = co-ordinate conjunction, agreed = verb, everyone = subject<br />4. went = verb, Dad = subject, fishing = participle used as the predicate adjective; but = co-ordinate conjunction, stayed = verb, Mom = subject, home = adverb modifying stayed; (because she wanted to be there) = adverb clause modifying stayed, wanted = verb, she = subject, to be there = noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object, to be = infinitive, there = adverb modifying to be, because = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; (when Terri arrived) adverb clause modifying to be, arrived = verb, Terri = subject, when = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />5. (although the children were running everywhere) = adverb clause modifying indicated, were running = verb, children = subject, everywhere = adverb modifying were running, the = adjective modifying children, although = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; indicated = verb, observation = subject, closer = adjective modifying observation; (that they were playing a game) = noun clause used as the direct object, were playing = verb, they = subject, game = direct object, a = adjective modifying game, that = introductory word that does not fit grammatically with the sentence; and = co-ordinate conjunction, had created = verb, they = subject, it = direct object, themselves = adverb<br />Lesson 299 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. Jim and his friend Ryan had planned to return to Canada.<br />2. Although we searched everywhere, Curtis could find no trace of his shoes.<br />3. Alaina wrote an original poem, and her mother corrected her spelling.<br />4. Since he was entrusted with the secret, Fred became very serious, and he was no longer a practical joker.<br />5. The real story is that he was injured while he was hiking.<br />Answers<br />1. had planned = verb, Jim/friend = subjects, his = adjective modifying friend, and = co-ordinate conjunction, Ryan = appositive, to return to Canada = noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object, to return = infinitive, to Canada = adverb prepositional phrase modifying to return, to = preposition, Canada = object of the preposition<br />2. (although we searched everywhere) = adverb clause modifying could find, searched = verb, we = subject, everywhere = adverb modifying searched, although = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; could find = verb, Curtis = subject, trace = direct object, no = adjective modifying trace, of his shoes = adjective prepositional phrase modifying trace, of = preposition, shoes = object of the preposition, his = adjective modifying shoes<br />3. wrote = verb, Alaina = subject, poem = direct object, an/original = adjectives modifying poem; and = co-ordinate conjunction, corrected = verb, mother = subject, spelling = direct object, her = adjective modifying mother, her = adjective modifying spelling<br />4. (since he was entrusted with the secret) = adverb clause modifying became, was entrusted = verb, he = subject, with the secret = adverb prepositional phrase modifying was entrusted, with = preposition, secret = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying secret, since = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; became = verb, Fred = subject, serious = predicate adjective modifying Fred, very = adverb modifying serious; and = co-ordinate conjunction, was = verb, he = subject, joker = predicate nominative, a/practical = adjectives modifying joker, longer = adverb modifying was, no = adverb modifying longer<br />5. is = verb, story = subject, the/real = adjectives modifying story, (that he was injured) = noun clause used as the predicate nominative, was injured = verb, he = subject, that = noun clause introductory word which does not fit grammatically with the sentence; (while he was hiking) = adverb clause modifying was injured, was hiking = verb, he = subject, while = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />Lesson 300 - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. None of the other jurors asked me to change my mind.<br />2. Barbara and Jeanne whispered and giggled all night.<br />3. That he is my cousin cannot be denied.<br />4. The boy who is speaking is my brother, and he will be staying with us.<br />5. I know you don't like him, but that doesn't matter.<br />Answers<br />1. asked = verb, none = subject, of the other jurors = adjective prepositional phrase modifying none, of = preposition, jurors = object of the preposition, the/other = adjectives modifying jurors; (me to change my mind) = direct object, to change my mind = noun infinitive phrase used as the direct object, me = subject to the infinitive, mind = direct object of infinitive, my = adjective modifying mind<br />2. whispered/giggled = verbs, Barbara/Jeanne = subjects, and/and = co-ordinate conjunctions, night = adverbial noun modifying whispered/giggled, all = adjective modifying night<br />3. (that he is my cousin) = noun clause used as the subject, is = verb, he = subject, cousin = predicate nominative, my = adjective modifying cousin, that = noun clause introductory word which does not fit grammatically with the sentence; can be denied = verb, not = adverb modifying can be denied<br />4. is = verb, boy = subject, brother = predicate nominative, the = adjective modifying boy, my = adjective modifying brother; (who is speaking) = adjective clause modifying boy, is speaking = verb, who = subject; and = co-ordinate conjunction, will be staying = verb, he = subject, with us = adverb prepositional phrase modifying will be staying, with = preposition, us = object of the preposition<br />5. know = verb I = subject; ([that] you don't like him) = noun clause used as the direct object with a missing introductory that, do like = verb, you = subject, him = direct object, n't = adverb modifying do like; but = co-ordinate conjunction, does matter = verb, that = subject, n't = adverb modifying does matter<br />Lessons 296 - 300 Quiz - Compound/Complex Sentences<br />Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences.<br />If the word is verbal, tell whether it is a gerund, participle, noun infinitive, adjective infinitive, or adverb infinitive. Tell which word the adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, verbal, or verbal phrase modify.<br />If the sentence has a dependent clause tell whether it is a noun clause, adverb clause, or adjective clause. Tell which word the adverb and adjective clause modify. Tell how the noun clause is used.<br />1. Rulon steered the jeep down the muddy road to the camp site, and then he discovered that it was the wrong road.<br />2. When Carl came up to bat, the bases were loaded, and there were two outs.<br />3. I've just learned that our vacation plans must be changed; as a result, we'll leave later in the month.<br />4. Older television sets had tubes; the newest models, which take less space, are digital televisions.<br />5. My uncle Al drove a snow-removal truck, and when there was a big snow storm, he was called to work at any time.<br />6. If you are an election judge, you distribute the ballots, and you count them after the polls close.<br />7. Many monuments are found around the White House, and foreign leaders who come to Washington often visit them.<br />8. The doctor told us how we could revive a heart-attack victim, and she demonstrated on a dummy, me.<br />9. Jeff tried the new dance steps that had been demonstrated, and he mastered them quickly.<br />10. The bola is a rope which is used to catch animals; it has weights on the end of it.<br />Answers<br />1. steered = verb, Rulon = subject, jeep = direct object, the = adjective modifying jeep, down the muddy road = adverb prepositional phrase modifying steered, down = preposition, road = object of the preposition, the/muddy = adjectives modifying road, to the camp site = adjective prepositional phrase modifying road (possibly an adverb modifying steered), to = preposition, site = object of the preposition, the/camp = adjectives modifying site; and = co-ordinate conjunction, discovered = verb, he = subject, then = adverb modifying discovered; (that it was the wrong road) = noun clause used as the direct object, was = verb, it = subject, road = predicate nominative, the/wrong = adjectives modifying road, that = noun clause introductory word which does not fit grammatically with the sentence<br />2. (when Carl came up to bat) = adverb clause modifying were, came = verb, Carl = subject, up = adverb modifying came, to bat = adverb infinitive modifying came, when = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; were = verb, bases = subject, loaded = predicate adjective, the = adjective modifying bases; and = co-ordinate conjunction, were = verb, outs = subject, two = adjective modifying outs, there = introductory there<br />3. 've learned = verb, I = subject; (that our vacation plans must be changed) = noun clause used as the direct object, must be changed = verb, plans = subject, our/vacation = adjectives modifying plans, that = noun clause introductory word which does not fit grammatically with the sentence; 'll leave = verb, we = subject, later = adverb modifying 'll leave, in the month = adverb prepositional phrase modifying later, in = preposition, month = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying month<br />4. had = verb, sets = subject, tubes = direct object, older/television = adjectives modifying sets; are = verb, models = subject, televisions = predicate nominative, newest = adjective modifying models, digital = adjective modifying televisions; (which take less space) = adjective clause modifying models, take = verb, which = subject, space = direct object, less = adjective modifying space<br />5. drove = verb, Uncle Al = subject, truck = direct object, my = adjective modifying Uncle Al, a/snow-removal = adjectives modifying truck; and = co-ordinate conjunction, (when there was a big snow storm) = adverb clause modifying was called, was = verb, storm = subject, a/big/snow = adjectives modifying storm, there = introductory there, when = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; was called = verb, he = subject, to work = adverb prepositional phrase modifying was called, to = preposition, work = object of the preposition, at any time = adverb prepositional phrase modifying was called, at = preposition, time = object of the preposition, any = adjective modifying time<br />6. (if you are an election judge) = adverb clause modifying distribute, are = verb, you = subject, judge = predicate nominative, an/election = adjectives modifying judge, if = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause; distribute = verb, you = subject, ballots = direct object, the = adjective modifying ballots; and = co-ordinate conjunction, count = verb, you = subject, them = direct object; (after the polls close) = adverb clause modifying count, close = verb, polls = subject, the = adjective modifying polls, after = subordinate conjunction introducing the adverb clause<br />7. are found = verb, monuments = subject, many = adjective modifying monuments, around the White House = adverb prepositional phrase modifying are found, around = preposition, White House = object of the preposition, the - adjective modifying White House; and = co-ordinate conjunction, visit = verb, leaders = subject, them = direct object, foreign = adjective modifying leaders, often = adverb modifying visit; (who come to Washington) = adjective clause modifying leaders, come = verb, who = subject, to Washington = adverb prepositional phrase modifying come, to = preposition, Washington = object of the preposition<br />8. told = verb, doctor = subject, us = indirect object, the = adjective modifying doctor; (how we could revive a heart-attack victim) = noun clause used as the direct object, could revive = verb, we = subject, victim = direct object, a/heart-attack = adjectives modifying victim, how = adverb modifying could revive; and = co-ordinate conjunction, demonstrated = verb, she = subject, on a dummy = adverb prepositional phrase modifying demonstrated, on = preposition, dummy = object of the preposition, a = adjective modifying dummy, me = appositive to dummy<br />9. tried = verb, Jeff = subject, steps = direct object, the/new/dance = adjectives modifying steps; (that had been demonstrated) = adjective clause modifying steps, had been demonstrated = verb, that = subject; and = co-ordinate conjunction, mastered = verb, he = subject, them = direct object, quickly = adverb modifying mastered<br />10. is = verb, bola = subject, rope = predicate nominative, the = adjective modifying bola, a = adjective modifying rope, (which is used to catch animals) = adjective clause modifying rope, is used = verb, which = subject, to catch animals = adverb infinitive modifying is used, to catch = infinitive, animals = direct object to the infinitive; has = verb, it = subject, weights = direct object, on the end = adverb prepositional phrase modifying has, on = preposition, end = object of the preposition, the = adjective modifying end, of it = adjective prepositional phrase modifying end, of = preposition, it = object of the prepositionthomaswhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11499186306966045314noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22923018.post-62142296397717925912007-02-19T12:23:00.000-08:002007-02-19T12:25:33.233-08:00Parts of MechanicsParts of Mechanics<br /><br />Lesson 301 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize the first word of a sentence. Example: The lessons begin tomorrow.<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. you don't seem to understand.<br />2. why didn't you ask me?<br />3. the boy will be punished for his wrongs.<br />4. get out of here.<br />5. did you see that!<br />Answers<br />1. You<br />2. Why<br />3. The<br />4. Get<br />5. Did<br />Lesson 302 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize the word I, either alone or in a contraction. Examples : Do I get to go? I said that I'm here.<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. i must ask my mother.<br />2. you and i get to see the movie.<br />3. Try it as i've done.<br />4. Yesterday i'd have sent it.<br />5. i'll be there soon.<br />Answers<br />1. I<br />2. You/I<br />3. I've<br />4. I'd<br />5. I'll<br />Lesson 303 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize words such as Mother, Father, Grandmother, Grandfather, Son, Daughter, and Sis when they are used in place of the person's name. Do not capitalize them when they follow possessive pronouns such as my, your, his, her, our, or your.<br />Examples: I will ask Father. I will ask my father.<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. my father will return next week.<br />2. Oh, mom, you don't understand me.<br />3. Tomorrow grandmother leaves for Florida.<br />4. Did sis want to go with us?<br />5. Today mother and i will finish the painting.<br />Answers<br />1. My<br />2. Mom<br />3. Grandmother<br />4. Sis<br />5. Mother/I<br />Lesson 304 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize proper nouns. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. Examples: girl - Rebecca, city - Orem, newspaper - Deseret News<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. Should you and i go with sam?<br />2. The magna carta is an important document.<br />3. the first war in my lifetime was world war II.<br />4. I live in lindon, utah.<br />5. Have you and john visited england?<br />Answers<br />1. I/Sam<br />2. Magna Carta<br />3. The/World War II<br />4. Lindon/Utah<br />5. John/England<br />Lesson 305 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun. Examples: river - Jordan River, uncle - Uncle Al, street - Main Street<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. i have crossed the missouri river.<br />2. Did you attend mountain view high school?<br />3. the three boys joined the boy scouts.<br />4. aunt alice will be coming from africa.<br />5. The magazine people is read by many people.<br />Answers<br />1. I/Missouri River<br />2. Mountain View High School<br />3. The (at beginning of sentence)/Boy Scouts<br />4. Aunt Alice/Africa<br />5. People (the first one)<br />Lessons 301 - 305 Quiz - Capitalization<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. Where were jack and jill going?<br />2. i wish i could go to arizona with my dad.<br />3. My uncle jim was visiting with paul in idaho.<br />4. I just returned from parsippany, new jersey.<br />5. The constitution should be studied more in school.<br />6. the navaho indians live in interesting buildings.<br />7. Did you attend provo high?<br />8. Ann lives in canada.<br />9. we will be visiting the first baptist church.<br />10. my nationality is swedish.<br />Answers<br />1. Jack/Jill<br />2. I/I/Arizona<br />3. Uncle Jim/Paul/Idaho<br />4. Parsippany/New Jersey<br />5. Constitution<br />6. The/Navaho Indians<br />7. Provo High<br />8. Canada<br />9. We/First Baptist Church<br />10. My/Swedish<br /><br />Lesson 306 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize the days of the week, the months of the year, but do not capitalize the seasons. Example: Monday, March, summer<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. monday, may 1st was an important day.<br />2. we need more rain in the spring of the year.<br />3. I like december and the summer best.<br />4. The class will be thursday, friday, and saturday.<br />5. Will you come next tuesday and tell us about preparations for winter?<br />Answers<br />1. Monday/May<br />2. We<br />3. December<br />4. Thursday/Friday/Saturday<br />5. Tuesday<br />Lesson 307 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize North, South, East, West, and words such as Northwest when they indicate a section of the world or country. Do not capitalize them when they indicate a direction.<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. I used to live in the northwest.<br />2. go north a mile and then turn east for two miles.<br />3. The west is burning up this year.<br />4. The Navahos of the southwest make beautiful blankets.<br />5. The north is cold, but if you travel south, the weather becomes warmer.<br />Answers<br />1. Northwest<br />2. Go<br />3. West<br />4. Southwest<br />5. North<br />Lesson 308 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize religions, creeds, and denominations; the Bible and its parts; other sacred books; nouns and personal pronouns referring to the Deity (God). Do not capitalize god when it refers to mythology. Examples: Christianity, Protestants, Exodus, Koran, and Jesus and His works<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. The lutherans will meet next week.<br />2. The torah is part of the bible.<br />3. The savior in christianity is Jesus.<br />4. Zeus is the head god in greek mythology.<br />5. Is mohammed spoken of in the talmud?<br />Answers<br />1. Lutherans<br />2. Torah/Bible<br />3. Savior/Christianity<br />4. Greek<br />5. Mohammed/Talmud<br />Lesson 309 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize names of countries, nationalities, races, languages, and adjectives derived from them. Examples: Germany, Swedes, Indians, French, English countryside<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. The germans destroyed some of the english landscape during the war.<br />2. The french wines are famous in the united states and mexico.<br />3. Most blacks in the United States prefer the term african-american, and many orientals prefer to be called asian.<br />4. many japanese customs are strange to us.<br />5. The finns and the russians live across the sea from each other.<br />Answers<br />1. Germans/English<br />2. French/United States/ Mexico<br />3. Blacks/African-Americans/Orientals/Asian<br />4. Many/Japanese<br />5. Finns/Russians<br />Lesson 310 - Capitalization<br />Capitalize geographic names and places. Examples: Mount Rushmore, Hudson Bay, Michigan Avenue, Washington D.C.<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. We visited the black hills and the badlands this summer.<br />2. Is broadway in the bronx?<br />3. Many new jersey cities have interesting names such as whippany.<br />4. The ozarks have many interesting stories about them.<br />5. france and england have fought a lot throughout history.<br />Answers<br />1. Black Hills/Badlands<br />2. Broadway/Bronx<br />3. New Jersey/Whippany<br />4. Ozarks<br />5. France/England<br />Lessons 306 - 310 Quiz - Capitalization<br />Capitalize each word that needs a capital letter.<br />1. The state of south dakota has mount rushmore in it.<br />2. The work days are monday through friday.<br />3. The term caucasians comes from the caucasus mountains.<br />4. To the north lies montana, a state on fire.<br />5. The southwest has some very interesting sites.<br />6. This wednesday i have two meetings to attend.<br />7. The cold months are january and february.<br />8. Next summer we need to go to florida in the south.<br />9. The methodists and mormons are two religions that send out missionaries.<br />10. zions park and arches national park are fun to visit.<br />Answers<br />1. South Dakota/Mount Rushmore<br />2. Monday/Friday<br />3. Caucasians/Caucasus Mountains<br />4. Montana<br />5. Southwest<br />6. Wednesday/I<br />7. January/February<br />8. Florida/South<br />9. Methodists/Mormons<br />10. Zions Park/Arches National Park<br /><br />Lesson 331 - End Punctuation<br />Use a period to end a declarative sentence.<br />Put the needed punctuation in each of these sentences.<br />1. The sun is shining brightly in the eastern sky<br />2. Gold has been discovered in various states at different times<br />3. Those girls go to Orem Junior High School<br />4. This is a beautiful morning for a hike<br />5. You may read for the rest of the time<br />Answers<br />1 - 5 - All sentences require a period at the end of the sentence.<br />Lesson 332 - End Punctuation<br />Use a period to end an imperative sentence. An imperative sentence makes a command or request.<br />Put the needed punctuation in each of these sentences.<br />1. Do what you are told<br />2. Put the dishes in the dish washer<br />3. Please stop doing that annoying thing<br />4. Push that stalled car off the road<br />5. Open your books and start reading<br />Answers<br />1 - 5 - All sentences require a period at the end of the sentence.<br />Lesson 333 - End Punctuation<br />Use a question mark to end an interrogative sentence. An interrogative sentence asks a direct question.<br />Put the needed punctuation in each of these sentences.<br />1. Can anyone see the screen with the movie<br />2. What have you done to this room<br />3. Where were you yesterday<br />4. How can you act in such a terrible manner<br />5. Who wants to go with me<br />Answers<br />1 - 5 - All sentences require a question mark at the end of the sentence.<br />Lesson 334 - End Punctuation<br />Use an exclamation point to end an exclamatory sentence or any strong exclamation. (A strong exclamation is called an interjection.) Many exclamations begin with how or what.<br />Put the needed punctuation in each of these sentences.<br />1. What a game that was<br />2. Wow Our team won in the last minute<br />3. How lovely your Christmas decorations are<br />4. Oh I need to hurry<br />5. What I did exactly what you asked<br />Answers<br />1. What a game that was!<br />2. Wow! Our team won in the last minute!<br />3. How lovely your Christmas decorations are!<br />4. Oh! I need to hurry!<br />5. What! I did exactly what you asked.<br />(Any sentence can have an exclamation point if you want to say it in that way.)<br />Lesson 335 - End Punctuation<br />Use a period to end a declarative sentence.<br />Use a period to end an imperative sentence. An imperative sentence makes a command or request.<br />Use a question mark to end an interrogative sentence. An interrogative sentence asks a direct question.<br />Use an exclamation point to end an exclamatory sentence or any strong exclamation. (A strong exclamation is called an interjection.)<br />Put the needed punctuation in each of these sentences.<br />1. Who will win the debates, Gore or Bush<br />2. Do your chores and your home work, and then you can play<br />3. Ouch That hurt<br />4. I saw most of the Olympic Games on television<br />5. Did you see the flying saucer<br />Answers<br />1. Who will win the debates, Gore or Bush?<br />2. Do your chores and your home work, and then you can play.<br />3. Ouch! That hurt!<br />4. I saw most of the Olympic Games on television.<br />5. Did you see the flying saucer (Either ! or ? depending on how you want it said.)<br />Lessons 331 - 335 Quiz - End Punctuation<br />Use a period to end a declarative sentence.<br />Use a period to end an imperative sentence. An imperative sentence makes a command or request.<br />Use a question mark to end an interrogative sentence. An interrogative sentence asks a direct question.<br />Use an exclamation point to end an exclamatory sentence or any strong exclamation. (A strong exclamation is called an interjection.)<br />Put the needed punctuation in each of these sentences.<br />1. Don't run out in the street<br />2. Now is the time to support honesty in all aspects of life<br />3. Well Here we go again<br />4. Pay attention, will you<br />5. Who is that guy walking down the hall<br />6. He doesn't live here anymore<br />7. Get out of here<br />8. Did you bring the money that we need<br />9. Watch what you are doing<br />10. I will see you tomorrow<br />Answers<br />1. Don't run out in the street. (or!)<br />2. Now is the time to support honesty in all aspects of life. (or!)<br />3. Well! Here we go again. (or!)<br />4. Pay attention, will you! (or.)<br />5. Who is that guy walking down the hall? (or!)<br />6. He doesn't live here anymore. (or!)<br />7. Get out of here! (or.)<br />8. Did you bring the money that we need? (or!)<br />9. Watch what you are doing. (or!)<br />10. I will see you tomorrow. (or!)<br />(Notice how the exclamation point can be used to give added emphasis or feeling to a sentence.)<br /><br />Lesson 336 - Punctuation - Periods<br />Use a period after initials used in names. Examples: E. F. Smith, Helen R. Hunsaker, W. James Swift<br />Put periods where needed in the following sentences.<br />1. B D Hibler and Gene W Riding started a new company<br />2. I know K Malone and J Stockton play for the Utah Jazz.<br />3. Clara B Walters and Ann J Frampton are sisters.<br />4. C S Lewis is an interesting author to read.<br />5. I think names with more than two initials like J R R Tolkien are interesting names.<br />Answers<br />1. B. D. / W. / The end of the sentence needs a period.<br />2. K. / J.<br />3. B. / J.<br />4. C. S.<br />5. J. R. R.<br />Lesson 337 - Punctuation - Periods<br />Use a period after the abbreviations Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr., and St. (Saint) before a name and Jr., Sr., and Esq., after a name. Do not use a period with Miss because it is not an abbreviation.<br />Put periods where needed in the following sentences.<br />1. Mr Samuel H White spoke at the celebration last night.<br />2. Mr and Mrs J B Smythe and their son J B Smythe, Jr , will be at the opening ceremonies.<br />3. Have you been to St Petersburg and St Louis?<br />4. Dr Leonard J Arrington was a great historian<br />5. Ms P T Roberts and Mr John J Jones, Esq will speak at tomorrow's meeting.<br />Answers<br />1. Mr. / H.<br />2. Mr. / Mrs. J. B. / J. B. Jr.<br />3. St. / St.<br />4. Dr. / J. / The end of the sentence needs a period.<br />5. Ms. P. T. / Mr. / J. / Esq.<br />Lesson 338 - Punctuation - Periods<br />Special abbreviations or initials need a period. Example: C.O.D. (cash on delivery) (Many abbreviations and acronyms, especially government agencies, now do not use periods and the abbreviations may be found written in several forms. Example: miles per hour = mph, m.p.h., Mph, MPH) For our purposes we will use periods with abbreviations to be consistent.<br />Put periods where needed in the following sentences.<br />1. I will send the package C O D to M I T<br />2. The soldier got lost returning to base but was considered A W O L<br />3. Dr Hill is really a D D S<br />4. U S S R no longer exists since it has been divided into several smaller countries.<br />5. I want to join the U S N and become a Navy seal.<br />Answers<br />1. C.O.D. / M.I.T.<br />2. A.W.O.L.<br />3. D.D.S.<br />4. U.S.S.R.<br />5. U.S.N.<br />(Notice that when a period is used for an abbreviation or some other reason at the end of the sentence, you do not need a second one to end the sentence. The one period does double duty.)<br />Lesson 339 - Punctuation - Periods<br />Use a period with abbreviations used with figures showing time. Examples: A.M., P.M., B.C., and A.D.<br />Put periods where needed in the following sentences.<br />1. I was born in A D 1940.<br />2. Be here at 4:30 A M , or you will not see me until 9:45 P M<br />3. What happened in A D 1776 that was of great importance?<br />4. People living in 2000 B C did not enjoy all that we have today.<br />5. Class starts promptly at 8:00 A M<br />Answers<br />1. A.D.<br />2. A.M. / P.M.<br />3. A.D.<br />4. B.C.<br />5. A.M.<br />(Notice that when a period is used for an abbreviation or some other reason at the end of the sentence, you do not need a second one to end the sentence. The one period does double duty.)<br />Lesson 340 - Punctuation - Periods<br />Use a period to show decimals and dollars and cents. Examples: This costs $6.99. Two and one half is written 2.5.<br />Put periods where needed in the following sentences.<br />1. In decimals, 225 would mean two and one fourth.<br />2. That new saddle will cost us $72933. (seven hundred twenty-nine dollars and thirty-three cents)<br />3. The little girl paid $025 (twenty-five cents) for the sucker, and the boy paid $059 (fifty-nine cents) for the candy bar.<br />4. In decimals, four and ninety-nine hundredths is written 499.<br />5. Seven and two thirds is written 767.<br />Answers<br />1. 2.25<br />2. $729.33<br />3. $0.25 / $0.59<br />4. 4.99<br />5. 7.67<br />Lessons 336 - 340 - Quiz - Punctuation - Periods<br />Use a period after initials used in names. Examples: E. F. Smith, Helen R. Hunsaker, W. James Swift<br />Use a period after the abbreviations Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr., and St. (Saint) before a name and Jr., Sr., and Esq., after a name. Do not use a period with Miss because it is not an abbreviation.<br />Special abbreviations or initials need a period. Example: C.O.D. (cash on delivery) (Many abbreviations and acronyms, especially government agencies, now do not use periods and the abbreviations may be found written in several forms. Example: miles per hour = mph, m.p.h., Mph, MPH) For our purposes we will use periods with abbreviations to be consistent.<br />Use a period with abbreviations used with figures showing time. Examples: A.M., P.M., B.C., and A.D.<br />Use a period to show decimals and dollars and cents. Examples: This costs $6.99. Two and one half is written 2.5.<br />Put the correct punctuation where needed in the following sentences.<br />1. Mr and Mrs Rodney C Snow were honored at the dinner<br />2. Ten and three quarters is 1075 in decimals<br />3. Did you study the period from 100 B C to A D 200 in your history class<br />4. I have heard of St Francis of Assisi<br />5. Add together 825 and 175 in decimals which should equal ten.<br />6. Miss Claire S Queen and Dr A Z King, Jr , will be married at 10:00 A M<br />7. Dan P Morgan, Esq , and Ms Luella K Larson knew the famous P T Barnum.<br />8. The trip cost $33650 (three hundred thirty-six dollars and fifty cents) for gasoline alone.<br />9. I feel sorry for the B S A organization<br />10. It seems that they take so much from my check for F I C A<br />Answers<br />1. Mr. / Mrs. / C. / period at end of sentence<br />2. 10.75 / period at end of sentence<br />3. B.C. / A.D. / question mark at end of sentence<br />4. St. / period or exclamation point at end of sentence<br />5. 8.25 / 1.75<br />6. S. / Dr. A. Z. / Jr. / A.M.<br />7. P. / Esq. / Ms. / K. / P.T.<br />8. $336.50<br />9. B.S.A. / exclamation point or period at the end of sentence<br />10. F.I.C.A.<br /><br />Lesson 341 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma or commas to set off the abbreviations Jr., Sr., and Esq. Example: Carl Harris, Jr., is here now.<br />Place commas where they are needed in these sentences.<br />1. I met Count Dracula Sr. the famous ghoul.<br />2. The letter was sent to Sir Thomas Mason Esq.<br />3. Did you see Reed Fitzgerald Jr. starring in that television show?<br />4. Mr. Sam Adams Sr. and Michael Gold Jr. race cars for a living.<br />5. Andrew Paskett Esq. was featured in the latest magazine issue.<br />Answers<br />1. Dracula, Sr.,<br />2. Mason, Esq. (There is no comma when Jr., Sr., or Esq. is used at the end of a sentence.)<br />3. Fitzgerald, Jr.,<br />4. Adams, Sr., /Gold, Jr.,<br />5. Paskett, Esq.,<br />Lesson 342 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma after the parts of an address. (The house number and street name form one part, and state and ZIP code number form one part.) Example: My new address is 1234 North Main, Salt Lake City, Utah 84007.<br />Place no comma after the last part if it ends the sentence.<br />Place commas where they are needed in these sentences.<br />1. John wrote to me from 462 Beacon Lane Cleveland Ohio 76504.<br />2. My sister lives at 635 Cherry Street Lexington Kentucky.<br />3. Ray Alber 876 Elm Drive Detroit Michigan 48300 is the person to contact.<br />4. Write them at 15 Oak Avenue Limorick Illinois 60614 today.<br />5. Jim's summer address will be Box 254 Grantsville Iowa 50689.<br />Answers<br />1. 462 Beacon Lane, Cleveland, Ohio 76504.<br />2. 635 Cherry Street, Lexington, Kentucky.<br />3. Ray Alber, 876 Elm Drive, Detroit, Michigan 48300, is<br />4. 15 Oak Avenue, Limorick, Illinois 60614, today.<br />5. Box 254, Grantsville, Iowa 50689.<br />Lesson 343 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to set off the year in a date if three parts of date are given (month, day, year). Do not use commas if only two parts are given. Examples: I left May 23, 1958, at night. I know that July 1776 is an important date.<br />Place commas where they are needed in these sentences.<br />1. Did you know that Thomas Jefferson died on July 4 1826?<br />2. On December 25 1961 I was in Brazil.<br />3. Their wedding day was June 24 1954 in Salt Lake City.<br />4. Where were you in November 1989?<br />5. On Friday August 14 1997 the accident happened.<br />Answers<br />1. July 4, 1826?<br />2. December 25, 1961, I<br />3. June 24, 1954, in<br />4. no commas needed (only two parts)<br />5. Friday, August 14, 1997, the<br />Lesson 344 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma after the salutation of a friendly letter. Example: Dear Fred,<br />Place commas where they are needed in these salutations.<br />1. Dear Aunt Vi<br />2. Dear Sir<br />3. Dear Mother<br />4. Gentlemen<br />5. My choicest friend<br />Answers<br />1. Dear Aunt Vi,<br />2. Dear Sir: (a business letter)<br />3. Dear Mother,<br />4. Gentlemen: (a business letter)<br />5. My choicest friend,<br />Lesson 345 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma after the complimentary close of a friendly or business letter. Example: Sincerely yours,<br />Place commas where they are needed in these complimentary closings.<br />1. Very truly yours<br />2. Affectionately yours<br />3. Yours lovingly<br />4. Your best customer<br />5. Cordially<br />Answers<br />1. Very truly yours,<br />2. Affectionately yours,<br />3. Yours lovingly,<br />4. Your best customer,<br />5. Cordially,<br />Lessons 340 - 345 Quiz - Punctuation - Commas<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Most graciously<br />2. Dear Madam<br />3. Do you live at 431 North 500 West West Valley Utah 84098?<br />4. My birthday party is March 1 1976 at the golf course.<br />5. Monday February 2 is the day the groundhog looks for its shadow.<br />6. I lived at 368 Maple Avenue for a week.<br />7. May 1 was our wedding day.<br />8. Max Blaser Sr. is their neighbor in Tampa Florida.<br />9. Did you see Tom Jones Jr. at 430 East Plum Erda Colorado 35096 while on vacation?<br />10. During August all the leaves turn colors in Springfield Minnesota.<br />Answers<br />1. Most graciously,<br />2. Dear Madam: (a business letter)<br />3. 431 North 500 West, West Valley, Utah 84098?<br />4. March 1, 1976, at<br />5. Monday, February 2,<br />6. (no comma needed - only one part)<br />7. (no comma needed - only one part)<br />8. Max Blaser, Sr., / Tampa, Florida.<br />9. Tom Jones, Jr., / 430 East Plum, Erda, Colorado 35096, while<br />10. Springfield, Minnesota.<br /><br />Lesson 346 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to separate parts of geographical places. Example: Have you visited St. Louis, Missouri?<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. A neat place we visited was Custer Wyoming.<br />2. In Cody Wyoming there is an interesting museum.<br />3. I enjoyed the zoo in San Diego California.<br />4. We saw many bears in Waterton Alberta Canada.<br />5. The Black Hills are in South Dakota.<br />Answers<br />1. Custer, Wyoming<br />2. Cody, Wyoming<br />3. San Diego, California<br />4. Waterton, Alberta, Canada<br />5. no commas needed<br />Lesson 347 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to separate a series of three or more words. Example: I dropped my pencil, papers, and books. (The comma before the conjunction and is optional, but I prefer using it.)<br />Use no commas between two or more words usually thought of as being one item. Example: We ate hamburgers, pork and beans, and potato chips.<br />Use no commas in a series when all items are joined by or, and, or nor. Example: You dance and sing and play well.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. I have seen many gold silver and copper mines.<br />2. People in the United States can travel by air rail or water.<br />3. The girl waved leaned over and fell into the pool.<br />4. My wife likes a meal of a glass of grape juice a fresh salad and spaghetti and meat balls.<br />5. At the resort we can hike and swim and ski all we want.<br />Answers<br />1. gold, silver, and copper<br />2. air, rail, or water<br />3. waved, leaned over, and fell<br />4. a glass of grape juice, a fresh salad, and spaghetti and meat balls. (Spaghetti and meat balls are considered one item.)<br />5. no commas needed<br />Lesson 348 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to separate a series of three or more numbers. Example: He called for numbers 3, 6, 9, and 12.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. In the Bingo game the winning numbers were 7 21 35 46 and 72.<br />2. My combination for my lock is 3 54 and 26.<br />3. He said that his lucky numbers were 7 11 13 and 99.<br />4. The numbers 14 27 58 79 and 38 won the lottery.<br />5. I like mixed greens with numbers of 20 50 and 100 on them.<br />Answers<br />1. 7, 21, 35, 46, and 72.<br />2. 3, 54, and 26.<br />3. 7, 11, 13, and 99.<br />4. 14, 27, 58, 79, and 38 won<br />5. 20, 50, and 100<br />Lesson 349 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to separate a series of three or more phrases. Example: He ran down the hall, out the door, and into the yard. (The comma before the conjunction and is optional, but I prefer using it.)<br />Use no commas in a series when all items are joined by or, and, or nor.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. The rain splashed against the house onto the sidewalk and into the street.<br />2. Through the trees around the cabin and down the valley roared the wind.<br />3. College is to gain knowledge to make new friends and to prepare for a career.<br />4. The cat climbed up the tree and out on a limb and finally onto the roof.<br />5. Munching on an apple listening to a recording and sitting on the couch Martha looked very happy.<br />Answers<br />1. against the house, onto the sidewalk, and into the street.<br />2. Through the trees, around the cabin, and down the valley,<br />3. to gain knowledge, to make new friends, and to prepare for a career.<br />4. no commas needed<br />5. Munching on an apple, listening to a recording, and sitting on the couch,<br />Lesson 350 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to separate a series of three or more short clauses. Example: I am working, he is sleeping, and she is singing. (The comma before the conjunction and is optional, but I prefer using it.)<br />Use no commas in a series when all items are joined by or, and, or nor.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. They are eating we are drinking and you are starving.<br />2. The music began the lights dimmed and the curtains opened.<br />3. My sister has left home my brother is at school and my mother is baking bread.<br />4. Jim fished Jeff hiked and I loafed the whole campout.<br />5. You correct he proofreads but I edit material.<br />Answers<br />1. They are eating, we are drinking, and you are starving.<br />2. The music began, the lights dimmed, and the curtains opened.<br />3. My sister has left home, my brother is at school, and my mother is baking bread.<br />4. Jim fished, Jeff hiked, and I loafed the whole campout.<br />5. You correct, he proofreads, but I edit material.<br />Lessons 346 - 350 Quiz - Punctuation - Commas<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Baseball basketball track and tennis require running.<br />2. The numbers 8 16 32 and 48 are called even numbers.<br />3. Eat drink and make merry for you will soon die.<br />4. I like shopping my husband likes dining and the family likes activities.<br />5. Working hard saving some money and providing for a family should be important for a father.<br />6. I saw him run up the mountain jump off the cliff and land in a pine tree.<br />7. He was from Great Falls Montana and she was from Twin Falls Idaho.<br />8. I have been to Dubois Idaho Taber Alberta Canada and Whippany New Jersey.<br />9. She likes to sing to play the piano and to read novels.<br />10. The search party looked along the road up the hill and down the alleys for clues.<br />Answers<br />1. Baseball, basketball, track, and tennis require running.<br />2. The numbers 8, 16, 32, and 48 are called even numbers.<br />3. Eat, drink, and make merry, for you will soon die.<br />4. I like shopping, my husband likes dining, and the family likes activities.<br />5. Working hard, saving some money, and providing for a family should be important for a father.<br />6. I saw him run up the mountain, jump off the cliff, and land in a pine tree.<br />7. He was from Great Falls, Montana, and she was from Twin Falls, Idaho.<br />8. I have been to Dubois, Idaho, Taber, Alberta, Canada, and Whippany, New Jersey.<br />9. She likes to sing, to play the piano, and to read novels.<br />10. The search party looked along the road, up the hill, and down the alleys for clues.<br /><br />Lesson 351 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma to separate introductory words yes and no and mild interjections from the sentence that follows them.<br />Examples: Oh, I heard that before. Yes, I will be here.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Yes you may leave the room.<br />2. Of course I won't change my plans.<br />3. Oh you want to try my patience more.<br />4. No I didn't see you there.<br />5. Wow you think that is great.<br />Answers<br />1. Yes,<br />2. Of course,<br />3. Oh,<br />4. No,<br />5. Wow,<br />Lesson 352 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma or commas to set off words or phrases used as nouns of address (nominatives of address).<br />Joe, get over here. Get over here, Joe. Young man, get over here.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Did you Susan see him at the meetings?<br />2. I will call you in the morning Steve.<br />3. Well Fred it was a pleasure to see you again.<br />4. Jeanne I don't know what is going on.<br />5. You should Bill know the answer to that one.<br />Answers<br />1. Did you, Susan, see him at the meetings?<br />2. I will call you in the morning, Steve.<br />3. Well, Fred, it was a pleasure to see you again.<br />4. Jeanne, I don't know what is going on.<br />5. You should, Bill, know the answer to that one.<br />Lesson 353 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma or commas to set off an appositive if not closely tied to the words it equals or identifies. Examples: Larry Millward, my best friend, will speak at the meeting. My brother Ken moved to Hawaii. (closely tied)<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Fred James a soldier captured during World War II spoke at the assembly.<br />2. My sister Elaine died recently.<br />3. Paul the top student in his class was the valedictorian.<br />4. Small farming a very important occupation is disappearing.<br />5. We rode all day on Dot a very old and gentle horse.<br />Answers<br />1. Fred James, a soldier captured during World War II, spoke at the assembly.<br />2. My sister Elaine died recently. (It is closely tied, but one could take Elaine as a noun of address if you don't know her as the sister.)<br />3. Paul, the top student in his class, was the valedictorian.<br />4. Small farming, a very important occupation, is disappearing.<br />5. We rode all day on Dot, a very old and gentle horse.<br />Lesson 354 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma to separate co-ordinate adjectives. Co-ordinate adjectives can be checked to see if a comma is necessary by placing and between them. They will sound smooth and correct with the and.<br />Examples: The warm, sunny day made everyone happy. (warm and sunny sounds smooth) You are a clever little girl. (clever and little doesn't sound smooth)<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Today was not a clear sunny day.<br />2. Allison thought she was such a clever little girl.<br />3. Where did you buy that dashing red car?<br />4. They say that tomorrow will be a sunny warm day.<br />5. Your careless inconsiderate behavior could cause you serious problems.<br />Answers<br />1. Today was not a clear, sunny day.<br />2. no commas needed<br />3. no commas needed<br />4. They say that tomorrow will be a sunny, warm day.<br />5. Your careless, inconsiderate behavior could cause you serious problems.<br />Lesson 355 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions. Parenthetical expressions are words inserted in the main sentence but not necessary to the meaning. They interrupt the flow of the sentence. Common expressions used parenthetically are however, of course, on the other hand, in fact, for example, that is, by the way, after all, perhaps, indeed, also, too, nevertheless. These expressions are not always parenthetical. Examples: Lucy, on the other hand, reads little. He knows perhaps five answers to the questions.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. The story that I just told you by the way is true.<br />2. My plan nevertheless was followed and succeeded.<br />3. Your plan on the other hand was rejected for good reasons.<br />4. I might suggest for example that you make some revisions.<br />5. You in fact should be moved to a different department.<br />Answers<br />1. The story that I just told you, by the way, is true.<br />2. My plan, nevertheless, was followed and succeeded.<br />3. Your plan, on the other hand, was rejected for good reasons.<br />4. I might suggest, for example, that you make some revisions.<br />5. You, in fact, should be moved to a different department.<br />Lessons 351 - 355 Quiz - Punctuation - Commas<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Ila indeed is a good mother.<br />2. I hope Jennie that you don't go to jail.<br />3. My son-in-law Chris will be able to vote in the coming election.<br />4. Oh Gail I hope that you on the other hand will be happy with your decision your move to Europe.<br />5. We sat in the shade beneath a broad green tree Irene.<br />6. It was a lovely happy memorable time.<br />7. I know after all you will be successful.<br />8. Mr. Allen Rudy the boy next door has been fighting with your brother Richard.<br />9. Of course we could hear immediately that you after all will be going to Santos a great city in Brazil.<br />10. Well Will I hope to see you by the way in Manaus on our return from our vacation a trip to Australia.<br />Answers<br />1. Ila, indeed, is a good mother.<br />2. I hope, Jennie, that you don't go to jail.<br />3. My son-in-law Chris will be able to vote in the coming election. (a closely related appositive or use commas around Chris if you thought it was a noun of address) My son-in-law, Chris, will be able to vote in the coming election.<br />4. Oh, Gail, I hope that you, on the other hand, will be happy with your decision, your move to Europe.<br />5. We sat in the shade beneath a broad green tree, Irene.<br />6. It was a lovely, happy, memorable time.<br />7. I know, after all, you will be successful.<br />8. Mr. Allen, Rudy, the boy next door, has been fighting with your brother Richard. (Richard is a closely related appositive)<br />9. Of course, we could hear immediately that you, after all, will be going to Santos, a great city in Brazil.<br />10. Well, Will, I hope to see you, by the way, in Manaus on our return from our vacation, a trip to Australia.<br /><br />Lesson 356 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Example: Feeling hot, the boy ran to the refrigerator for a drink.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Needing help immediately I dialed 911.<br />2. Having seen the final act I started to cry.<br />3. Thinking back on her life the woman was very thankful.<br />4. Having done his very best the boy stood tall and happy.<br />5. Desiring to be accepted Larry did some unusual things.<br />Answers<br />1. Needing help immediately, I dialed 911.<br />2. Having seen the final act, I started to cry.<br />3. Thinking back on her life, the woman was very thankful.<br />4. Having done his very best, the boy stood tall and happy.<br />5. Desiring to be accepted, Larry did some unusual things.<br />Lesson 357 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma after an introductory infinitive used as an adjective. Example: To find her ring, Mary removed everything from the room.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. To reach Butte, Montana, in time we will need to leave before 10:00 A.M.<br />2. To succeed at this task you will need to practice daily.<br />3. To be chosen for the finals the contestant will have to do better.<br />4. To truly believe the story one must find answers for one's self.<br />5. To get the best results you should soak it for an hour.<br />Answers<br />1. To reach Butte, Montana, in time, we will need to leave before 10:00 A.M.<br />2. To succeed at this task, you will need to practice daily.<br />3. To be chosen for the finals, the contestant will have to do better.<br />4. To truly believe the story, one must find answers for one's self.<br />5. To get the best results, you should soak it for an hour.<br />Lesson 358 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma after an introductory dependent adverb clause. Example: If you want to see the Olympics, order your tickets now.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. When my luggage arrives I will give you your present.<br />2. After the game was over both the team and the fans celebrated.<br />3. If you do not believe me ask the rest of those present.<br />4. Although I am afraid I will lead you through the woods.<br />5. Where the troops are we are going.<br />Answers<br />1. When my luggage arrives, I will give you your present.<br />2. After the game was over, both the team and the fans celebrated.<br />3. If you do not believe me, ask the rest of those present.<br />4. Although I am afraid, I will lead you through the woods.<br />5. Where the troops are, we are going.<br />Lesson 359 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma after long introductory prepositional phrases or two or more consecutive prepositional phrases. Examples: At the entrance to the cave, the guide gave us instructions. During those hot, boring summer days, time passed very slowly.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. After the wreck into the pine tree the car was towed away.<br />2. Into the woods during the shower ran the black horse.<br />3. After the long and exhausting trip we finally arrived at our destination.<br />4. In the hall closet on the top shelf you will find the material I need.<br />5. Through the vast expanse of space the astronauts traveled continuously.<br />Answers<br />1. After the wreck into the pine tree, the car was towed away.<br />2. Into the woods during the shower, ran the black horse.<br />3. After the long and exhausting trip, we finally arrived at our destination.<br />4. In the hall closet on the top shelf, you will find the material I need.<br />5. Through the vast expanse of space, the astronauts traveled continuously.<br />Lesson 360 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma or commas to set off transposed (out of their natural order) words, phrases, or other modifiers.<br />Example: This woman, without question, is too weak. These transposed items are very much like the introductory items, but they do not come at the beginning of the sentence.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Turn to increase the volume the knob to the right.<br />2. Very quietly the intruder closed the door.<br />3. Her hand cut and bruised showed the ordeal undertaken by her.<br />4. Sam although he likes drama seldom ever attends a play.<br />5. All the contestants eager and well-prepared required a good night's rest.<br />Answers<br />1. Turn, to increase the volume, the knob to the right.<br />2. Very quietly, the intruder closed the door.<br />3. Her hand, cut and bruised, showed the ordeal undertaken by her.<br />4. Sam, although he likes drama, seldom ever attends a play.<br />5. All the contestants, eager and well-prepared, required a good night's rest.<br />Lessons 356 - 360 Quiz - Punctuation - Comma<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. When you return the opportunity will still await you.<br />2. Having done my best I sat down to see the results.<br />3. To get the job done you will need to pace yourself.<br />4. During the last game of the World Series a riot took place.<br />5. His face stern and set told me that I was in trouble.<br />6. The answer without doubt will make all the difference.<br />7. After you finish doing the dishes the floor needs mopping.<br />8. To get the correct results you must follow the proper order of adding ingredients.<br />9. Trying to secure the boat the man fell haplessly into the water.<br />10. In view of the recent events in the Middle East peace does not seem likely.<br />Answers<br />1. When you return, the opportunity will still await you.<br />2. Having done my best, I sat down to see the results.<br />3. To get the job done, you will need to pace yourself.<br />4. During the last game of the World Series, a riot took place.<br />5. His face, stern and set, told me that I was in trouble.<br />6. The answer, without doubt, will make all the difference.<br />7. After you finish doing the dishes, the floor needs mopping.<br />8. To get the correct results, you must follow the proper order of adding ingredients.<br />9. Trying to secure the boat, the man fell haplessly into the water.<br />10. In view of the recent events in the Middle East, peace does not seem likely.<br /><br />Lesson 361 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma to set off a short clause at the end of the sentence to change a statement into a question or an exclamatory sentence. Example: You are going to town, aren't you?<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. That should make them take notice shouldn't it!<br />2. This is a beautiful location isn't it?<br />3. Becky is a living miracle isn't she!<br />4. Joe was here this morning wasn't he?<br />5. The new player really tries doesn't he!<br />Answers<br />1. That should make them take notice, shouldn't it!<br />2. This is a beautiful location, isn't it?<br />3. Becky is a living miracle, isn't she!<br />4. Joe was here this morning, wasn't he?<br />5. The new player really tries, doesn't he!<br />Lesson 362 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma when words are omitted from parallel clauses in a compound sentence. Example: Mother baked an apple pie, and Aunt Gayle, a chocolate cake.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Fred asked the question; Sarah the answer.<br />2. I like classical music; my wife country music.<br />3. Ann graduated from Utah State University, and Boyd Arizona State University.<br />4. This box has the books, and that box the recordings.<br />5. Stephanie told a funny story; Alaina a scary one.<br />Answers<br />1. Fred asked the question; Sarah, the answer.<br />2. I like classical music; my wife, country music.<br />3. Ann graduated from Utah State University, and Boyd, Arizona State University.<br />4. This box has the books, and that box, the recordings.<br />5. Stephanie told a funny story; Alaina, a scary one.<br />Lesson 363 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to set off contrasted expressions. Example: His mother, not his father, is in charge.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Your car not your truck is the better vehicle to use.<br />2. My aunt not my uncle used to live here before.<br />3. You need to talk to the man at the end of the table not the one near the window.<br />4. Our track team not our baseball team won the championship.<br />5. Be sure to see the owner not the manager about the job.<br />Answers<br />1. Your car, not your truck, is the better vehicle to use.<br />2. My aunt, not my uncle, used to live here before.<br />3. You need to talk to the man at the end of the table, not the one near the window.<br />4. Our track team, not our baseball team, won the championship.<br />5. Be sure to see the owner, not the manager, about the job.<br />Lesson 364 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use commas to set off nonrestrictive clauses and phrases. Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are modifiers that can be omitted without changing the meaning of the main clause. Example: Our new boat, which we bought last week, is a pleasure to use. (The adjective clause "which we bought last week" is not needed to understand the meaning of the main clause.)<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. The Jazz which is a much different team from last year start the season next week.<br />2. The waiter balancing two trays of food saw our signal for the check.<br />3. Ads which are essential to our economy are very annoying much of the time.<br />4. For this job we need a person who is very creative.<br />5. The new baby delivered in the taxi changed our lives completely.<br />Answers<br />1. The Jazz, which is a much different team from last year, start the season next week.<br />2. The waiter, balancing two trays of food, saw our signal for the check.<br />3. Ads, which are essential to our economy, are very annoying much of the time.<br />4. For this job we need a person who is very creative. (The clause "who is very creative" is needed for the meaning of the main sentence so we would not use any comma.)<br />5. The new baby, delivered in the taxi, changed our lives completely.<br />Lesson 365 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma wherever necessary for clarity to prevent misreading. Example: Beneath, the water sparkled brilliantly. (clear) Beneath the water sparkled brilliantly. (Confusing)<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. To write one must spend much time revising and proofreading.<br />2. After washing the boy left for the game.<br />3. Although a real diamond mine is rather small.<br />4. Inside the store contained many beautiful statues.<br />5. When eating a person should use good manners.<br />Answers<br />1. To write, one must spend much time revising and proofreading.<br />2. After washing, the boy left for the game.<br />3. Although a real diamond, mine is rather small.<br />4. Inside, the store contained many beautiful statues.<br />5. When eating, a person should use good manners.<br />Lessons 361 - 365 Quiz - Punctuation - Commas<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. Within the business was in turmoil.<br />2. Matthew is going to law school; John to the Air Force.<br />3. To Jim Ryan is a hero.<br />4. I like Halloween; Mother Thanksgiving; Barbara Christmas.<br />5. The antique which avoided being broken for many years was given to my grandmother by George Washington.<br />6. An apple not an orange keeps the doctor away.<br />7. We are still going on the hike aren't we?<br />8. The letter sent through the mail changed the course of the war.<br />9. You really like her don't you!<br />10. A person's personality not his looks really is important in a husband.<br />Answers<br />1. Within, the business was in turmoil.<br />2. Matthew is going to law school; John, to the Air Force.<br />3. To Jim, Ryan is a hero.<br />4. I like Halloween; Mother, Thanksgiving; Barbara, Christmas.<br />5. The antique, which avoided being broken for many years, was given to my grandmother by George Washington.<br />6. An apple, not an orange, keeps the doctor away.<br />7. We are still going on the hike, aren't we?<br />8. The letter, sent through the mail, changed the course of the war.<br />9. You really like her, don't you!<br />10. A person's personality, not his looks, really is important in a husband.<br /><br />Lesson 366 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma before the coordinate conjunctions that join independent clauses in a compound sentence. (Very short clauses joined by and may omit the comma.) Examples: Harry will leave on the next flight, but you will join him in a week. You wash and I will dry.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. She walked and he ran.<br />2. I went to New York by train but I returned by plane.<br />3. I neither like you nor will I assist you in your request.<br />4. He will have to help or the project will not be completed.<br />5. The boss will be here tomorrow and we will ask for a raise.<br />Answers<br />1. She walked and he ran. (no comma needed, but you would not be wrong to use one after walked)<br />2. I went to New York by train, but I returned by plane.<br />3. I neither like you, nor will I assist you in your request.<br />4. He will have to help, or the project will not be completed.<br />5. The boss will be here tomorrow, and we will ask for a raise.<br />Lesson 367 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma after a conjunctive adverb or phrases like for example, in fact, or for instance used to join two main clauses. Common conjunctive adverbs are therefore, nevertheless, moreover, consequently, furthermore, besides, then, thus, instead, accordingly, otherwise, so, yet, still, hence, however. Example: Jill knew she could not win; nevertheless, she kept running.<br />Place commas where they are needed.<br />1. The trip was wonderful; in fact everyone raved about it.<br />2. Will wants a promotion; therefore he is working overtime.<br />3. I do not believe a word he says; otherwise I would listen to his presentation.<br />4. You seem to be well-qualified; however your price is too high.<br />5. Your goals are unclear to me; so I will not vote for you.<br />Answers<br />1. The trip was wonderful; in fact, everyone raved about it.<br />2. Will wants a promotion; therefore, he is working overtime.<br />3. I do not believe a word he says; otherwise, I would listen to his presentation.<br />4. You seem to be well-qualified; however, your price is too high.<br />5. Your goals are unclear to me; so, I will not vote for you.<br />Lesson 368 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma or commas to separate the exact words of the speaker from the rest of the sentence unless the sense of the sentence requires some other punctuation. (In quoted words, the comma always goes inside the quotation marks.) Examples: "I can help you now," said the clerk. The clerk said, "I can help you now."<br />Place commas or other punctuation where they are needed.<br />1. "What time is it " she asked.<br />2. "Come with me " said the guide.<br />3. "Don't leave me " shouted the little girl.<br />4. The man replied "I believe you."<br />5. The passenger inquired "What time is it?"<br />Answers<br />1. "What time is it?" she asked.<br />2. "Come with me," said the guide.<br />3. "Don't leave me!" shouted the little girl.<br />4. The man replied, "I believe you."<br />5. The passenger inquired, "What time is it?"<br />Lesson 369 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma or commas to separate the exact words of the speaker from the rest of the sentence unless the sense of the sentence requires some other punctuation. (In quoted words, the comma always goes inside the quotation marks.) Examples: "I can help you now," said the clerk. The clerk said, "I can help you now."<br />Place commas or other punctuation where they are needed.<br />1. "I think" Marie answered "that I can help you tomorrow."<br />2. "I know" she replied "the answer to that question."<br />3. "No" he called after her "I won't forget the appointment!"<br />4. "Come with me" pleaded the teacher "and you will not be disappointed."<br />5. "Did you see" Curtis asked "the plane go down?"<br />Answers<br />1. "I think," Marie answered, "that I can help you tomorrow."<br />2. "I know," she replied, "the answer to that question."<br />3. "No," he called after her, "I won't forget the appointment!"<br />4. "Come with me," pleaded the teacher, "and you will not be disappointed."<br />5. "Did you see," Curtis asked, "the plane go down?"<br />Lesson 370 - Punctuation - Commas<br />Use a comma or commas to separate the exact words of the speaker from the rest of the sentence unless the sense of the sentence requires some other punctuation. (In quoted words, the comma always goes inside the quotation marks.) Examples: "I can help you now," said the clerk. The clerk said, "I can help you now." You do not use a comma when you start a new sentence after the explanatory words. Example: "I did it," he said. "Leave me alone."<br />Place commas or other punctuation where they are needed.<br />1. "I will comply with the rules " he said "Then I will work to change them."<br />2. "Will the rain continue " the woman asked "I need to work outdoors."<br />3. "I am glad I missed the game " Jim said "They played so poorly."<br />4. "Are you going next week " she asked "I will not be here then."<br />5. "When you finish your projects " the teacher remarked "put them in the basket for grading."<br />Answers<br />1. "I will comply with the rules," he said. "Then I will work to change them."<br />2. "Will the rain continue?" the woman asked. "I need to work outdoors."<br />3. "I am glad I missed the game," Jim said. "They played so poorly."<br />4. "Are you going next week?" she asked. "I will not be here then."<br />5. "When you finish your projects," the teacher remarked, "put them in the basket for grading."<br />Lessons 366 - 370 Quiz - Punctuation - Commas<br />Place commas or other punctuation where they are needed.<br />1. "Is it time to go " asked Irene.<br />2. "I did not do it " said the convict "I wasn't even here yesterday."<br />3. He wanted to go to the party but no one would give him a ride.<br />4. He had read all the trilogy; consequently he didn't have a new book to read.<br />5. He exclaimed "Don't go that way!"<br />6. "You didn't " she said "tell me that you felt that way."<br />7. "You will do what I asked or you will not get your allowance."<br />8. "Will you repair my car today " he asked "I need it for tomorrow."<br />9. "I will do my best " answered the mechanic "but I cannot guarantee that I will be finished."<br />10. He didn't know the final answer; thus he lost all the money.<br />Answers<br />1. "Is it time to go?" asked Irene.<br />2. "I did not do it," said the convict. "I wasn't even here yesterday."<br />3. He wanted to go to the party, but no one would give him a ride.<br />4. He had read all the trilogy; consequently, he didn't have a new book to read.<br />5. He exclaimed, "Don't go that way!"<br />6. "You didn't," she said, "tell me that you felt that way."<br />7. "You will do what I asked, or you will not get your allowance."<br />8. "Will you repair my car today?" he asked. "I need it for tomorrow."<br />9. "I will do my best," answered the mechanic, "but I cannot guarantee that I will be finished."<br />10. He didn't know the final answer; thus, he lost all the money.<br /><br />Lesson 371 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Use quotation marks around the exact words of a speaker. Example: He said, "I saw that." "I saw it too," she said.<br />Use quotation marks where needed in these sentences.<br />1. I wish the election were over, said Fred.<br />2. Will they finish this week? asked Frida.<br />3. Willard added, It is becoming a joke.<br />4. We can now see that every vote counts, concluded Sara.<br />5. Yes, we know that we should vote every time, commented Jeff.<br />Answers<br />1. "I wish the election was over," said Fred.<br />2. "Will they finish this week?" asked Frida.<br />3. Willard added, "It is becoming a joke!"<br />4. "We can now see that every vote counts," concluded Sara.<br />5. "Yes, we know that we should vote every time," commented Jeff.<br />Lesson 372 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Use quotation marks around the exact words of a speaker. When the words identifying the speaker come between the parts of the quotation, put quotation marks around each part. Example: "Yes," said Jack, "I will be there."<br />Use one set of quotation marks for two or more sentences not broken by explanatory material. Example: "I know that. He has known for several days," said Jim. If part of the quotation is a new sentence use a capital letter. Example: "I know that," said Jim. "He has known for several days."<br />Use quotation marks and capitals where needed in these sentences.<br />1. We will be in town tomorrow night. Don't wait up. We will come by the next day, said Jeanne.<br />2. We want you to stay with us, answered Barbara. we'll meet you at the station.<br />3. Okay, replied Chris, bring the car around.<br />4. Are the girls ready to go? asked Ann. they need to leave now.<br />5. Yes, replied Ila, that play was really enjoyable.<br />Answers<br />1. "We will be in town tomorrow night. Don't wait up. We will come by the next day," said Jeanne.<br />2. "We want you to stay with us," answered Barbara. "We'll meet you at the station."<br />3. "Okay," replied Chris, "bring the car around."<br />4. "Are the girls ready to go?" asked Ann. "They need to leave now."<br />5. "Yes," replied Ila, "that play was really enjoyable."<br />Lesson 373 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Use no quotation marks with indirect quotations. An indirect quotation often begins with the word that. Example: Betty said that she wished the election was final.<br />Use quotation marks where needed in these sentences.<br />1. James stated that he had won the race.<br />2. Richard said, I was in second place until I fell.<br />3. Mom said that she was worried when she saw it happen.<br />4. Sue said, that was too bad.<br />5. I hope that you had fun, anyway, said his dad.<br />Answers<br />1. James stated that he had won the race.<br />2. Richard said, "I was in second place until I fell."<br />3. Mom said that she was worried when she saw it happen.<br />4. Sue said, "That was too bad."<br />5. "I hope that you had fun, anyway," said his dad.<br />Lesson 374 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Begin a new paragraph with each change of speaker in dialogue.<br />Example:<br />"Can I count on you?" asked Carl.<br />"Yes, you can," said Matthew.<br />"You cannot fail us," replied Claudia.<br />Make new paragraphs and place quotation marks where needed in the following dialogues.<br />1. Knock on the door. I will be right behind you, said John. I am afraid, said James. You are bigger and older so you knock. I will do it. Why are you worried about it? It is just Halloween, interrupted Matthew, and there is nothing scary about this house.<br />2. Chantelle said, I never get to be the mother when we play. You can be the mother today, replied Hayley. When will I get to be the mother? asked Alise. You are too little, replied Hayley and Chantelle.<br />3. We are going to have a new baby, said Ann. I hope it is a boy, said Chris. We need a boy in the family. I want it to be a girl, remarked Rebecca. I don't care, said Allison. I just hope it hurries up.<br />4. Do you want to play on the computer with me, Mark? asked Todd. I am too little, said Mark. Mommy won't let me. Todd, you wouldn’t let him play very much if he could, stated Stephanie. Todd said, I am going to change and let him now.<br />5. Lindsay asked, Do we have everything for the trip? I hope so, replied Boyd. Did you get everyting for Celeste? I have had it ready all day, said Lindsay.<br />Answers<br />1. "Knock on the door. I will be right behind you," said John.<br />"I am afraid," said James. "You are bigger and older so you knock."<br />"I will do it. Why are you worried about it? It is just Halloween," interrupted<br />Matthew, "and there is nothing scary about this house."<br />2. Chantelle said, "I never get to be the mother when we play."<br />"You can be the mother today," replied Hayley.<br />"When will I get to be the mother?" asked Elise.<br />"You are too little," replied Hayley and Chantelle.<br />3. "We are going to have a new baby," said Ann.<br />"I hope it is a boy," said Chris. "We need a boy in the family."<br />"I want it to be a girl," remarked Rebecca.<br />"I don't care," said Allison. "I just hope it hurries up."<br />4. "Do you want to play on the computer with me, Mark?" asked Todd.<br />"I am too little," said Mark. "Mommy won't let me."<br />"Todd, you wouldn’t let him play very much if he could," stated Stephanie.<br />Todd said, "I am going to change and let him now."<br />5. Lindsay asked, "Do we have everything for the trip?"<br />"I hope so," replied Boyd. "Did you get everyting for Celeste?"<br />"I have had it ready all day," said Lindsay.<br />Lesson 375 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />If a quotation has more than one paragraph, use quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph of the quotation.<br />Use quotation marks where needed in these sentences.<br />1. This is one person's quoted idea about happiness.<br />Happiness is the object and design of our existence; and will be the end thereof, if we pursue the path that leads to it.<br />Pleasure is often confused with happiness but is by no means synonymous with it. Pleasure, unlike happiness, is that which pleases us or gives us gratification. Usually it endures for only a short time.<br />We are enticed daily to pursue worldly pleasures that may divert us from the path to happiness. But the path to true happiness is virtue, uprightness, faithfulness, holiness, and keeping all the commandments of God.<br />2. This is a quoted story about Ali Hafed.<br />Ali Hafed was a wealthy ancient Persian who owned much land and many productive fields, orchards, and gardens, and loaned money out at interest.<br />One day an old priest came to him and told him that if he had a diamond the size of his thumb, he could purchase a dozen farms like his. He told Ali Hafed where to find such a diamond.<br />Ali Hafed sold his farm, collected his money that was at interest, and left his family in the charge of a neighbor. He left in search of diamonds. After years of searching, his money was spent, and he passed away in rags and wretchedness.<br />The man who purchased Ali Hafed's farm one day led his camel out into the garden to drink, and as the animal put his nose into the shallow waters, the farmer noticed a curious flash of light in the white sands of the stream. Reaching in, he pulled out a black stone which proved to be a diamond. This marked the discovery of the diamond mines of Golconda, the most valuable diamond mines in the history of the ancient world.<br />Had Ali Hafed remained at home and dug in his own cellar, or anywhere in his own fields, rather than traveling in strange lands where he eventually faced starvation and ruin, he would have had acres of diamonds.<br />Answers<br />1. "Happiness is the object and design of our existence; and will be the end thereof, if we pursue the path that leads to it.<br />"Pleasure is often confused with happiness but is by no means synonymous with it. Pleasure, unlike happiness, is that which pleases us or gives us gratification. Usually it endures for only a short time.<br />"We are enticed daily to pursue worldly pleasures that may divert us from the path to happiness. But the path to true happiness is virtue, uprightness, faithfulness, holiness, and keeping all the commandments of God."<br />2. "Ali Hafed was a wealthy ancient Persian who owned much land and many productive fields, orchards, and gardens, and loaned money out at interest.<br />"One day an old priest came to him and told him that if he had a diamond the size of his thumb, he could purchase a dozen farms like his. He told Ali Hafed where to find such a diamond.<br />"Ali Hafed sold his farm, collected his money that was at interest, and left his family in the charge of a neighbor. He left in search of diamonds. After years of searching, his money was spent, and he passed away in rags and wretchedness.<br />"The man who purchased Ali Hafed's farm one day led his camel out into the garden to drink, and as the animal put his nose into the shallow waters, the farmer noticed a curious flash of light in the white sands of the stream. Reaching in, he pulled out a black stone which proved to be a diamond. This marked the discovery of the diamond mines of Golconda, the most valuable diamond mines in the history of the ancient world.<br />"Had Ali Hafed remained at home and dug in his own cellar, or anywhere in his own fields, rather than traveling in strange lands where he eventually faced starvation and ruin, he would have had acres of diamonds."<br />Lessons 371 - 375 Quiz - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Use quotation marks and capitals where needed in these sentences.<br />1. That is an interesting story, said Sarah.<br />2. Could you, asked Jack, tell us some more stories?<br />3. I like old stories from long ago, remarked Jane. My mother used to read them to me.<br />4. Joe said that he had heard the story before.<br />5. I doubt that you know what your are talking about, stated Charlie. Well, replied Joe, you are incorrect this time. Charlie looking at Joe then said, I apologize for my unkind remark.<br />6. The children said that they would look for more books with interesting old stories.<br />7. Have you ever been to Persia? asked Henry. No, I haven't, said Bill, and it is not called Persia now. What is is called now, inquired Jane.<br />8. Look, cried Sarah, Mom is bringing refreshments!<br />9. This sure has been a fun day, guys, giggled Jack.<br />10. I hope we can do this again soon, said Bill. There is so much to learn from good stories.<br />Answers<br />1. "That is an interesting story," said Sarah.<br />2. "Could you," asked Jack, "tell us some more stories?"<br />3. "I like old stories from long ago," remarked Jane. "My mother used to read them to me."<br />4. Joe said that he had heard the story before.<br />5. "I doubt that you know what you are talking about," stated Charlie.<br />"Well," replied Joe, "you are incorrect this time."<br />Charlie looking at Joe then said, "I apologize for my unkind remark."<br />6. The children said that they would look for more books with interesting old stories.<br />7. "Have you ever been to Persia?" asked Henry.<br />"No, I haven't," said Bill, "and it is not called Persia now."<br />"What is is called now?" inquired Jane.<br />8. "Look," cried Sarah, "Mom is bringing refreshments!"<br />9. "This sure has been a fun day, guys," giggled Jack.<br />10. "I hope we can do this again soon," said Bill. "There is so much to learn from good stories."<br /><br />Lesson 376 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Use quotation marks around the titles of short stories, short plays, short poems and short musical compositions; of art works, articles, chapters, essays, and speeches; of radio and television programs. Example: My favorite painting is "Blue Boy."<br />Use quotation marks where needed in these sentences.<br />1. I was very interested in the article Our Missing President.<br />2. I loved the old television program Maverick.<br />3. Have you read Miniver Cheevy, the short narrative poem?<br />4. At Christmas time I love to read The Gift of the Magi, a short story by O. Henry.<br />5. That song playing is Greensleeves, isn't it?<br />Answers<br />1. I was very interested in the article "Our Missing President."<br />2. I loved the old television program "Maverick."<br />3. Have you read "Miniver Cheevy," the short narrative poem?<br />4. At Christmas time I love to read "The Gift of the Magi," a short story by O. Henry.<br />5. That song playing is "Greensleeves," isn't it?<br />Lesson 377 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Use single quotation marks for a quotation within a quotation. Example: "Dad always says, 'Maybe,'" cried Pam.<br />Use quotation marks where needed in these sentences.<br />1. Have you read The Scarlet Ibis, a very good short story? asked the teacher.<br />2. He replied, I know she said, I am not sure.<br />3. Everyone will read the chapter entitled Africa for tomorrow, commanded the substitute teacher.<br />4. The witness answered, I heard the officer say Put down the gun!<br />5. This famous painting Square Sunlight has won many awards, stated the guide.<br />Answers<br />1. "Have you read 'The Scarlet Ibis,' a very good short story?" asked the teacher.<br />2. He replied, "I know she said, 'I am not sure.'"<br />3. "Everyone will read the chapter entitled 'Africa' for tomorrow," commanded the substitute teacher.<br />4. The witness answered, "I heard the officer say 'Put down the gun!'"<br />5. "This famous painting 'Square Sunlight' has won many awards," stated the guide.<br />Lesson 378 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Use quotation marks to set off words or phrases used in a special sense: technical, ironical, coined, slang, and words used as words in informal writing. Examples: Grant always uses the word "terrific." The car driving slowly down the street went "ka-lunk! ka-lunk!"<br />Use quotation marks where needed in these sentences.<br />1. Show us how you are the expert.<br />2. The delegates ended their peace talks with much angry shouting.<br />3. I know we can make that jalopy into a great hot rod.<br />4. The boss is going to can us all if we don't get on the ball.<br />5. Why do you always say the word excellent to every statement?<br />Answers<br />1. Show us how you are the "expert."<br />2. The delegates ended their "peace talks" with much angry shouting.<br />3. I know we can make that "jalopy" into a great "hot rod."<br />4. The boss is going to "can" us all if we don't "get on the ball."<br />5. Why do you always say the word "excellent" to every statement?<br />Lesson 379 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Always place commas and periods inside quotation marks. Example: One famous painting is "The Song of the Lark."<br />Use quotation marks where needed in these sentences.<br />1. I like the sea poem The Revenge.<br />2. I had hoped, said Bob, that you would be in the play.<br />3. I enjoyed the story The Milk Pitcher, the short story about baseball and a cow.<br />4. Yes, Captain Smith said, we can go sailing.<br />5. You never answer anything with the word yes.<br />Answers<br />1. I like the sea poem "The Revenge."<br />2. "I had hoped," said Bob, "that you would be in the play."<br />3. I enjoyed the story "The Milk Pitcher," the short story about baseball and a cow.<br />4. "Yes," Captain Smith said, "we can go sailing."<br />5. You never answer anything with the word "yes."<br />Lesson 380 - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Place question marks and exclamation points inside quotation marks if they are part of the quotation. Place question marks and exclamation points outside the quotation marks if they pertain to more than the quotation.<br />Examples: Jim asked, "Where are you going?" Did Ann say, "I won't do it"?<br />"Are you sure!" exclaimed Becky. How happy she was to say, "I do"!<br />Use quotation marks where needed in these sentences.<br />1. When Dad said that we were going camping, I shouted, What a great idea!<br />2. Mary asked, When are you going?<br />3. Didn't you hear me say, I will think about it?<br />4. Didn't you hear the policeman shout, Stop!?<br />5. We need protection from his kindness!<br />Answers<br />1. When Dad said that we were going camping, I shouted, "What a great idea!"<br />2. Mary asked, "When are you going?"<br />3. Didn't you hear me say, "I will think about it"?<br />4. Didn't you hear the policeman shout, "Stop!"?<br />5. We need protection from his "kindness"!<br />Lessons 376 - 380 Quiz - Punctuation - Quotation Marks<br />Rewrite the following, changing all indirect quotations to direct quotations and punctuating and paragraphing them correctly.<br />We had an interesting discussion last night. Mr. James who is a quiet, unassuming man said that he hasn't read about the election. I am afraid that I trust no one. Pam asked if he had voted for the president in the election. She said that everyone should vote each time. He replied that he had voted this time, but didn't think his vote would count for much. She asked if he had read in a popular magazine the article Every Vote Counts. We now know that every vote counts! Mr. James stated that he never knows how to vote. He needs to find an expert. Pam laughed and told him that he could come to her since the experts on television never agree on anything. I know better than the experts!<br />Answer<br />(The following answer is not the only way that you could correct the writing, but it will give some idea as to what should be done with the paragraph.)<br />We had an interesting discussion last night. Mr. James who is a quiet, unassumming man said, "I haven't read about the election. I am afraid that I trust no one."<br />Pam asked, "Did you vote for the president in the election? Everyone should vote each time."<br />He replied, "I voted this time, but I don't think my vote will count for much."<br />She asked, "Have you read in a popular magazine the article 'Every Vote Counts.' We now know that every vote counts!"<br />Mr. James stated, "I never know how to vote. I need to find an 'expert.'"<br />Pam laughed and told him, "You could come to me since the 'experts' on television never agree on anything. I know better than the 'experts'!"<br /><br />Lesson 381 - Punctuation - Semicolons<br />Use a semicolon between two independent clauses of a compound sentence when they are not joined by a coordinate conjunction. Example: There was a sudden silence; everyone was stunned by the outcome.<br />Place semicolons where they are needed in the following sentences.<br />1. Carl is tall his brother is short.<br />2. He knocked several times no one came to the door.<br />3. The siren blew loudly I rushed to the window the police raced pass as I looked out.<br />4. I waited several hours for you you did not return I became concerned.<br />5. My sister loves mysteries my brother likes technical manuals.<br />Answers<br />1. Carl is tall; his brother is short.<br />2. He knocked several times; no one came to the door.<br />3. The siren blew loudly; I rushed to the window; the police raced past as I looked out.<br />4. I waited several hours for you; you did not return; I became concerned.<br />5. My sister loves mysteries; my brother likes technical manuals.<br />Lesson 382 - Punctuation - Semicolons<br />Use a semicolon between the two independent clauses of a compound sentence joined by a coordinate conjunction if commas are also used in the sentence. Example: Although the story is impossible, I believe you; and the others will, too.<br />Place semicolons where they are needed in the following sentences.<br />1. Since you asked my opinion, I will tell you and I hope you will listen well.<br />2. Although he is highly qualified, he is not dependable and I am afraid to hire him.<br />3. Because Sarah is absent a great deal, she has a hard time keeping up but she is willing to work overtime.<br />4. Although I prefer English, I know that math is important and I will work hard in both classes.<br />5. When you arrive on the train, take a taxi to the bus station or I can meet you at the train.<br />Answers<br />1. Since you asked my opinion, I will tell you; and I hope you will listen well.<br />2. Although he is highly qualified, he is not dependable; and I am afraid to hire him.<br />3. Because Sarah is absent a great deal, she has a hard time keeping up; but she is willing to work overtime.<br />4. Although I prefer English, I know that math is important; and I will work hard in both classes.<br />5. When you arrive on the train, take a taxi to the bus station; or I can meet you at the train.<br />Lesson 383 - Punctuation - Semicolons<br />Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb that introduces a clause in a compound sentence.<br />Common conjunctive adverbs are therefore, nevertheless, moreover, consequently, furthermore, besides, then, thus, instead, accordingly, otherwise, so, yet, still, hence, however. Example: Jill knew she could not win; nevertheless, she kept running.<br />Explanatory expressions (for example, namely, on the contrary, in fact, that is, on the other hand) are used similarly as conjunctive adverbs with a semicolon preceding them and a comma following. Example: The weather was wonderful; in fact, it was the best weather for a month.<br />Place semicolons where they are needed in the following sentences.<br />1. I have not heard the latest comments therefore, I cannot render an opinion.<br />2. Our children have traveled throughout the world for example, Australia, Brazil, Korea, and Russia.<br />3. In Brazil we have seen many places on the other hand, we have never been to Africa.<br />4. We plan to return some day to Brazil therefore, we want to visit Rio, Sao Paulo, and Manaus.<br />5. Barbara is a diligent student she, in fact, is tops in her class.<br />Answers<br />1. I have not heard the latest comments; therefore, I cannot render an opinion.<br />2. Our children have traveled throughout the world; for example, Australia, Brazil, Korea, and Russia.<br />3. In Brazil we have seen many places; on the other hand, we have never been to Africa.<br />4. We plan to return some day to Brazil; therefore, we want to visit Rio, Sao Paulo, and Manaus.<br />5. Barbara is a diligent student; she, in fact, is tops in her class.<br />Lesson 384 - Punctuation - Semicolons<br />Use a semicolon to separate phrases or clauses of equal rank which contain commas. The semicolon in such sentences brings clarity of meaning. Example: We have lived in Logan, Utah; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Rio Claro, Brazil.<br />Place semicolons where they are needed in the following sentences.<br />1. The new in-laws are Jay, Pam's husband, Are', Will's wife, and Mark, Terri's husband.<br />2. For the campout we took our raincoats, boots, and tarp, but we didn't use them.<br />3. The mayor of the city, who attended the conference, gave a report, and he suggested several ways to save money.<br />4. My son is a medical technician, my daughter, a postal worker, and my wife, an editor.<br />5. The class officers are Fred Ogden, president, Dan Royal, vice-president, and Jayne Allen, secretary.<br />Answers<br />1. The new in-laws are Jay, Pam's husband; Are', Will's wife; and Mark, Terri's husband.<br />2. For the campout we took our raincoats, boots, and tarp; but we didn't use them.<br />3. The mayor of the city, who attended the conference, gave a report; and he suggested several ways to save money.<br />4. My son is a medical technician; my daughter, a postal worker; and my wife, an editor.<br />5. The class officers are Fred Ogden, president; Dan Royal, vice-president; and Jayne Allen, secretary.<br />Lesson 385 - Punctuation - Semicolons<br />Place a semicolon outside of quotation marks. Example: I have just read "Jabberwocky"; are you familiar with it?<br />Place semicolons where they are needed in the following sentences.<br />1. Joe is considered "simpatico" Frank is "feio."<br />2. Terry was wearing "glad rags" Martha, her "threads" Mary, her "duds."<br />3. I read the poem "Mending Wall" Don read a novel.<br />4. The car went "bork, bork" the train sounded like "shoosh, shoosh" the plane went "ka-boom."<br />5. Although it was too late, Jim shouted, "Look out!" and I said, "Duck!"<br />Answers<br />1. Joe is considered "simpatico"; Frank is "feio."<br />2. Terry was wearing "glad rags"; Martha, her "threads"; Mary, her "duds."<br />3. I read the poem "Mending Wall"; Don read a novel.<br />4. The car went "bork, bork"; the train sounded like "shoosh, shoosh"; the plane went "ka-boom."<br />5. Although it was too late, Jim shouted "Look out!"; and I said "Duck!"<br />Lessons 381 - 385 Quiz - Punctuation - Semicolons<br />Place semicolons where they are needed in the following sentences.<br />1. I am looking for the poem "The Path Not Taken" I need it tomorrow.<br />2. Jim sings bass Jeff, tenor.<br />3. I have visited Riverside, California, Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Butte, Montana.<br />4. I will steal, cheat, and lie for you but I will not kill for you.<br />5. There was a sudden noise everything stopped immediately.<br />6. Although we may need more time, I believe we will be victorious and I believe you feel that way, too.<br />7. We can trust him implicitly nevertheless, we should not be careless.<br />8. The house looked like what we wanted on the other hand, we had not been inside.<br />9. I had food, clothing, and furniture but I didn't have my family.<br />10. He was such a "klutz" I couldn't stand him.<br />Answers<br />1. I am looking for the poem "The Path Not Taken"; I need it tomorrow.<br />2. Jim sings bass; Jeff, tenor.<br />3. I have visited Riverside, California; Atlantic City, New Jersey; and Butte, Montana.<br />4. I will steal, cheat, and lie for you; but I will not kill for you.<br />5. There was a sudden noise; everything stopped immediately.<br />6. Although we may need more time, I believe we will be victorious; and I believe you feel that way, too.<br />7. We can trust him implicitly; nevertheless, we should not be careless.<br />8. The house looked like what we wanted; on the other hand, we had not been inside.<br />9. I had food, clothing, and furniture; but I didn't have my family.<br />10. He was such a "klutz"; I couldn't stand him.<br /><br />Lesson 386 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter. Example: Dear Sir:<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. Dear Mr. Witt<br />2. Dear Madam<br />3. My dear Mrs. Garrity<br />4. Gentlemen<br />5. To whom it may concern<br />Answers<br />1. Dear Mr. Witt:<br />2. Dear Madam:<br />3. My dear Mrs. Garrity:<br />4. Gentlemen:<br />5. To whom it may concern:<br />Lesson 387 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Use a colon to express the hours and minutes in figures. Example: 12:30 A.M.<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. We will meet at 800 A.M. tomorrow morning.<br />2. I will be on the plane at 1153 P.M.<br />3. Which would be better for you, 1000 A.M. or 200 P.M?<br />4. Be in my office promptly at 1035 A.M.<br />5. You never get to bed before 1130 P.M.<br />Answers<br />1. We will meet at 8:00 A.M. tomorrow morning.<br />2. I will be on the plane at 11:53 P.M.<br />3. Which would be better for you, 10:00 A.M. or 2:00 P.M?<br />4. Be in my office promptly at 10:35 A.M.<br />5. You never get to bed before 11:30 P.M.<br />Lesson 388 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Use a colon to separate chapter and verse referring to a specific Bible selection. Example: Everyone should follow Proverbs 3:5.<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. What is the meaning of Job 57?<br />2. Micah 68 is an often quoted verse.<br />3. Isaiah 96 is a verse used at Christmas time.<br />4. I think that Malachi 310 is ignored by most of the Christian world.<br />5. One of my favorite verses is Matthew 633.<br />Answers<br />1. What is the meaning of Job 5:7?<br />2. Micah 6:8 is an often quoted verse.<br />3. Isaiah 9:6 is a verse used at Christmas time.<br />4. I think that Malachi 3:10 is ignored by most of the Christian world.<br />5. One of my favorite verses is Matthew 6:33.<br />Lesson 389 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Use a colon between the title and subtitle of a book. Example: The Wide World: A High School Geography<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. Have you examined for possible adoption Warriner's English Grammar and Composition Complete Course?<br />2. The Advanced Composition A Book of Models for Writing has been used for many years.<br />3. I didn't like Episodes in American History An Inquiry Approach as a history text.<br />4. Men and Nations A World History covers what we need very well.<br />5. The American Nation A History of the United States seems too advanced for our grade level.<br />Answers<br />1. Have you examined for possible adoption Warriner's English Grammar and Composition: Complete Course?<br />2. The Advanced Composition: A Book of Models for Writing has been used for many years.<br />3. I didn't like Episodes in American History: An Inquiry Approach as a history text.<br />4. Men and Nations: A World History covers what we need very well.<br />5. The American Nation: A History of the United States seems too advanced for our grade level.<br />Lesson 390 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Use a colon between the numbers referring to volume and the pages of books and magazines. Example: It is found in Volume II: pages 22-23.<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. That statement can be found in Volume X pages 198-200.<br />2. I found that information in Volume 54 pages 31-34.<br />3. Look in that magazine Volume 24 pages 3-4.<br />4. Volume VI pages 245-247 will have the information that you need.<br />5. Check the encyclopedia Volume 20 pages 105 -106.<br />Answers<br />1. That statement can be found in Volume X: pages 198-200.<br />2. I found that information in Volume 54: pages 31-34.<br />3. Look in that magazine Volume 24: pages 3-4.<br />4. Volume VI: pages 245-247 will have the information that you need.<br />5. Check the encyclopedia Volume 20: pages 105 -106.<br />Lessons 386 - 390 Quiz - Punctuation - Colons<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. That statement can be found in Volume I pages 98-100 of The Raven The Life of Sam Houston.<br />2. Dear Harmon's<br />3. I like what it says in James 520.<br />4. Dear Sirs<br />5. I will be here at 1200 P.M. for my money.<br />6. I enjoyed reading The Army of the Potomac A Stillness at Appomattox by Bruce Catton.<br />7. I couldn't find it in Volume IX pages 3-6.<br />8. Thanksgiving dinner will be at our place at 230 P.M.<br />9. A good college text was The American Constitution Its Origins and Development.<br />10. Revelations 62-8 talks about the four horsemen of the apocalypse.<br />Answers<br />1. That statement can be found in Volume I: pages 98-100 of The Raven: The Life of Sam Houston.<br />2. Dear Harmon's:<br />3. I like what it says in James 5:20.<br />4. Dear Sirs:<br />5. I will be here at 12:00 P.M. for my money.<br />6. I enjoyed reading The Army of the Potomac: A Stillness at Appomattox by Bruce Catton.<br />7. I couldn't find it in Volume IX: pages 3-6.<br />8. Thanksgiving dinner will be at our place at 2:30 P.M.<br />9. A good college text was The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development.<br />10. Revelations 6:2-8 talks about the four horsemen of the apocalypse.<br /><br />Lesson 391 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Use a colon before listed items that are introduced by such words as the following, as follows, thus, and these; by a number; or by any other expression that "points-out." Example: In high school he played the following sports: baseball, basketball, football and tennis.<br />Use no colon before a list of predicate nominatives, direct objects, or objects of the preposition. A colon should not hinder the natural flow of the sentence. Example: We will need flour, milk, and sugar. (direct objects)<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. You need these guys Will, Boyd, Jeff, and Jim.<br />2. She had three personality flaws pride, selfishness, and a temper.<br />3. The singers will be you, Pam, and Becky.<br />4. For the campout we will need the following things a tent, three sleeping bags, and a gas lantern.<br />5. Next semester I will be taking four courses Algebra II, English Literature, American History, and Biology III.<br />Answers<br />1. You need these guys: Will, Boyd, Jeff, and Jim.<br />2. She had three personality flaws: pride, selfishness, and a temper.<br />3. No colon needed. They are predicate nominatives<br />4. For the campout we will need the following things: a tent, three sleeping bags, and a gas lantern.<br />5. Next semester I will be taking four courses: Algebra II, English Literature, American History, and Biology III.<br />Lesson 392 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Use a colon to separate two complete sentences when the second sentence explains, amplifies, or illustrates the first. Example: Jim had a good idea: He wanted to consult with the builder.<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. There has been no change in our plans We will leave at 1000 P.M.<br />2. He stated his plans He would borrow money; he would secure a plane; he would fly around the world.<br />3. That morning the people saw the problem During the night a tree had downed the power lines.<br />4. Now the men knew what to do The pressure would be increased in the foward compartment.<br />5. They were worried about Fred He would fall asleep at work and spend too much time alone.<br />Answers<br />1. There has been no change in our plans: We will leave at 10:00 P.M. (two colons)<br />2. He stated his plans: He would borrow money; he would secure a plane; he would fly around the world.<br />3. That morning the people saw the problem: During the night a tree had downed the power lines.<br />4. Now the men knew what to do: The pressure would be increased in the foward compartment.<br />5. They were worried about Fred: He would fall asleep at work and spend too much time alone.<br />Lesson 393 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Use a colon to introduce a long or formal quotation.<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. I like the words of Emerson "The true test of civilization is not the census, nor the size of cities, nor the crops--no, but the kind of man the country turns out."<br />2. The letter to his firm began as follows "Gentlemen We received your last order in May, 1998."<br />3. Article l, Section l of the Constitution of the United States reads "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives."<br />4. The councilman began with these words "If we don't act now and work together, our city faces economic ruin, physical deterioration, and cultural decline. The issues are critical, and the system of government under which we now function must be changed."<br />5. He said "I will join your group tomorrow."<br />Answers<br />1. I like the words of Emerson: "The true test of civilization is not the census, nor the size of cities, nor the crops--no, but the kind of man the country turns out."<br />2. The letter to his firm began as follows: "Gentlemen: We received your last order in May, 1998." (Two colons)<br />3. Article l, Section l of the Constitution of the United States reads: "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives."<br />4. The councilman began with these words: "If we don't act now and work together, our city faces economic ruin, physical deterioration, and cultural decline. The issues are critical, and the system of government under which we now function must be changed."<br />5. He said, "I will join your group tomorrow." (use only a comma since the quote is not long nor formal.)<br />Lesson 394 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Place a colon outside of quotation marks. Example: That reminds me of a line from "A Psalm of Life": "Let us, then, be up and doing."<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. When offered an alcoholic drink, one should remember Martial's line in "A Total Abstainer" "No, I really don't care for a drink."<br />2. Do you remember the quote from "Carpe Diem" "This day's thine own; the next may be denied."<br />3. A man and a wife should use a line from "The Task" "With all thy faults, I love thee still."<br />4. Do you agree with this line from "Lacon" "Imitation is the sincerest of flattery."?<br />5. Whittier says in "Ichabod" "When faith is lost, when honor dies, The man is dead!"<br />Answers<br />1. When offered an alcoholic drink, one should remember Martial's line in "A Total Abstainer": "No, I really don't care for a drink."<br />2. Do you remember the quote from "Carpe Diem": "This day's thine own; the next may be denied."<br />3. A man and a wife should use a line from "The Task": "With all thy faults, I love thee still."<br />4. Do you agree with this line from "Lacon": "Imitation is the sincerest of flattery."?<br />5. Whittier says in "Ichabod": "When faith is lost, when honor dies, The man is dead!"<br />Lesson 395 - Punctuation - Colons<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. The statement from "Gargantua" "Half the world does not know how the other half lives." is stll true today.<br />2. I recall Emerson's words "If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mouse-trap than his neighbor, though he builds his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door."<br />3. I am concerned about my mother She is not eating enough.<br />4. The meeting must include the following people Mark, Jay, Chris and Rulon.<br />5. My daughters-in-law are Martha, Mary, Jane, and Jen.<br />Answers<br />1. The statement from "Gargantua": "Half the world does not know how the other half lives." is stll true today.<br />2. I recall Emerson's words: "If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mouse-trap than his neighbor, though he builds his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door."<br />3. I am concerned about my mother: She is not eating enough.<br />4. The meeting must include the following people: Mark, Jay, Chris and Rulon.<br />5. No colon needed. They are predicate nominatives.<br />Lessons 391 - 395 Quiz - Punctuation - Colons<br />Place colons where needed.<br />1. Dear Chairman<br />2. There are four classes of poetic meter classified as follows iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactylic.<br />3. For this poll we need men, women and children.<br />4. The following are the three football positions that never carry the ball guard, tackle and center.<br />5. The polls close promptly at 800 P.M.<br />6. I just read Job 1414.<br />7. Volume 20 pages 22-28 had the material that I needed.<br />8. Jared showed that he was better prepared He was wearing thermal clothes.<br />9. Have you read The Work and the Glory So Great a Cause?<br />10. Consider Franklin D. Roosevelt's words to Congress "We have had the lesson before us over and over again -- nations that were not ready and were unable to get ready found themselves overrun by the enemy."<br />Answers<br />1. Dear Chairman:<br />2. There are four classes of poetic meter classified as follows: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactylic.<br />3. No colons needed. They are direct objects.<br />4. The following are the three football positions that never carry the ball: guard, tackle and center.<br />5. The polls close promptly at 8:00 P.M.<br />6. I just read Job 14:14.<br />7. Volume 20: pages 22-28 had the material that I needed.<br />8. Jared showed that he was better prepared: He was wearing thermal clothes.<br />9. Have you read The Work and the Glory: So Great a Cause?<br />10. Consider Franklin D. Roosevelt's words to Congress: "We have had the lesson before us over and over again -- nations that were not ready and were unable to get ready found themselves overrun by the enemy."<br /><br />Lesson 396 - Punctuation - Italics/Underlining<br />Material that is italicized in print or by computer is underlined in typewritten or hand written work.<br />Italicize foreign words not yet accepted as part of our language. Example: Do this tout de suite.<br />Italicize those words which need italics in these sentences.<br />1. Sarah likes the expression tout a fait.<br />2. Have you ever noticed how tempus fugit?<br />3. Everyone has heard c'est la vie.<br />4. Tanto faz is my favorite foreign phrase.<br />5. Some people always have to have the dernier cri.<br />Answers<br />1. Sarah likes the expression tout a fait.<br />2. Have you ever noticed how tempus fugit?<br />3. Everyone has heard c'est la vie.<br />4. Tanto faz is my favorite foreign phrase.<br />5. Some people always have to have the dernier cri.<br />Lesson 397 - Punctuation - Italics/Underlining<br />Material that is italicized in print or by computer is underlined in typewritten or hand written work.<br />Italicize figures, letters, signs and words referred to as words. Example: How many j's are there in your brother's name?<br />Italicize those words, figures, letters, or signs which need italics in these sentences.<br />1. Have you crossed your t's and dotted your i's?<br />2. I am tired of all your answers being wait.<br />3. Do not use &'s in place of and's in your paper.<br />4. Your m's look like w's most of the time.<br />5. There are three 5's in her phone number.<br />Answers<br />1. Have you crossed your t's and dotted your i's?<br />2. I am tired of all your answers being wait.<br />3. Do not use &'s in place of and's in your paper.<br />4. Your m's look like w's most of the time.<br />5. There are three 5's in her phone number.<br />Lesson 398 - Punctuation - Italics/Underlining<br />Material that is italicized in print or by computer is underlined in typewritten or hand written work.<br />Italicize words used emphatically, but it should not be overdone. Example: You never agree with me.<br />Italicize those words which you could emphasize in these sentences.<br />1. I do not like that at all.<br />2. That was an awesome movie.<br />3. I love your dress.<br />4. You always slur your words when you speak.<br />5. She overdoes everything.<br />Answers<br />1. I do not like that at all.<br />2. That was an awesome movie.<br />3. I love your dress.<br />4. You always slur your words when you speak.<br />5. She overdoes everything.<br />(You could emphasize any word that you wanted, but again you should do so sparingly.)<br />Lesson 399 - Punctuation - Italics/Underlining<br />Material that is italicized in print or by computer is underlined in typewritten or hand written work.<br />Italicize titles of books; of long plays and long poems; of periodicals, newspapers and magazines.<br />Italicize those words which need italics in these sentences.<br />1. At the doctor's office I read from two magazines, Time and Newsweek.<br />2. I take two daily newspapers, the Daily Herald and the Deseret News.<br />3. I love Dickens's story of the French Revolution A Tale of Two Cities.<br />4. When in San Francisco, I saw the famous play Les Miserables.<br />5. Have you read the long poem The Idylls of the King?<br />Answers<br />1. At the doctor's office I read from two magazines, Time and Newsweek.<br />2. I take two daily newspapers, the Daily Herald and the Deseret News.<br />3. I love Dickens's story of the French Revolution A Tale of Two Cities.<br />4. When in San Francisco, I saw the famous play Les Miserables.<br />5. Have you read the long poem The Idylls of the King?<br />Lesson 400 - Punctuation - Italics/Underlining<br />Material that is italicized in print or by computer is underlined in typewritten or hand written work.<br />Italicize titles of long musical works and motion pictures; of ships, aircraft and trains.<br />Italicize those words which need italics in these sentences.<br />1. How many times have you seen Gone with the Wind?<br />2. Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance is scheduled for next year.<br />3. The Heber Creeper is an old style train that stills runs.<br />4. Trax is a commuter rail that runs in Salt Lake City.<br />5. His plane is called the Silly Goose.<br />Answers<br />1. How many times have you seen Gone with the Wind?<br />2. Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance is scheduled for next year.<br />3. The Heber Creeper is an old style train that stills runs.<br />4. Trax is a commuter rail that runs in Salt Lake City.<br />5. His plane is called the Silly Goose.<br />Lessons 396 - 400 Quiz - Punctuation - Italics/Underlining<br />Material that is italicized in print or by computer is underlined in typewritten or hand written work.<br />Italicize those words which need italics in these sentences.<br />1. I want to see the motion picture It's a Wonderful Life again.<br />2. There are many i's in Mississippi.<br />3. Have you ever read the New York Times or the Chicago Daily News?<br />4. I just finished reading Ivanhoe.<br />5. I thought The Phantom of the Opera was superb.<br />6. In your oral report you used too many well-a's.<br />7. You may use %'s to indicate percents in your report.<br />8. The Reader's Digest is found in many homes.<br />9. I am very tired of your nagging!<br />10. He is always au fait.<br />Answers<br />1. I want to see the motion picture It's a Wonderful Life again.<br />2. There are many i's in Mississippi.<br />3. Have you ever read the New York Times or the Chicago Daily News?<br />4. I just finished reading Ivanhoe.<br />5. I thought The Phantom of the Opera was superb.<br />6. In your oral report you used too many well-a's.<br />7. You may use %'s to indicate percents in your report.<br />8. The Reader's Digest is found in many homes.<br />9. I am very tired of your nagging!<br />10. He is always au fait.thomaswhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11499186306966045314noreply@blogger.com